Open Access
ISSN:0199-8595(print)
ISSN:1546-0118(online)
Publication Frequency:Monthly
Energy Engineering is an open access peer-reviewed journal dedicating to engineering aspects of energy. It aims to invite researchers, engineers, scientists, technologist, planners, and policy makers to present their original research results and findings on all important energy topics. The topics considered include energy generation, conversion, conservation, utilization, storage, transmission, system, technologies, management, and sustainability. The studies of the impacts of energy use and energy policy are also welcomed.
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Open Access
REVIEW
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3487-3547, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.054662 - 22 November 2024
Abstract In recent years, the large-scale grid connection of various distributed power sources has made the planning and operation of distribution grids increasingly complex. Consequently, a large number of active distribution network reconfiguration techniques have emerged to reduce system losses, improve system safety, and enhance power quality via switching switches to change the system topology while ensuring the radial structure of the network. While scholars have previously reviewed these methods, they all have obvious shortcomings, such as a lack of systematic integration of methods, vague classification, lack of constructive suggestions for future study, etc. Therefore, this… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3549-3571, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.056398 - 22 November 2024
Abstract Hotel buildings are currently among the largest energy consumers in the world. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are the most energy-intensive building systems, accounting for more than half of total energy consumption. An energy audit is used to predict the weak points of a building’s energy use system. Various factors influence building energy consumption, which can be modified to achieve more energy-efficient strategies. In this study, an existing hotel building in Central Taiwan is evaluated by simulating several scenarios using energy modeling over a year. Energy modeling is conducted by using Autodesk Revit 2025. It… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3573-3616, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.055853 - 22 November 2024
Abstract With the increasing proportion of renewable energy in China’s energy structure, among which photovoltaic power generation is also developing rapidly. As the photovoltaic (PV) power output is highly unstable and subject to a variety of factors, it brings great challenges to the stable operation and dispatch of the power grid. Therefore, accurate short-term PV power prediction is of great significance to ensure the safe grid connection of PV energy. Currently, the short-term prediction of PV power has received extensive attention and research, but the accuracy and precision of the prediction have to be further improved. More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3617-3634, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.051684 - 22 November 2024
Abstract This article focuses on the challenges of modeling energy supply systems for buildings, encompassing both methods and tools for simulating thermal regimes and engineering systems within buildings. Enhancing the comfort of living or working in buildings often necessitates increased consumption of energy and material, such as for thermal upgrades, which consequently incurs additional economic costs. It is crucial to acknowledge that such improvements do not always lead to a decrease in total pollutant emissions, considering emissions across all stages of production and usage of energy and materials aimed at boosting energy efficiency and comfort in… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3635-3648, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.054943 - 22 November 2024
Abstract The use of catalysts has significantly enhanced the yield and quality of in-situ pyrolysis products. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding pyrolysis approaches that utilize several low-cost natural catalysts (LCC) and their placement within the reactor. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of various LCC on the in-situ pyrolysis of spirulina platensis microalgae (SPM) and investigate the impact of different types of catalysts. We employed LCC such as zeolite, dolomite, kaolin, and activated carbon, with both layered and uniformly mixed LCC-SPM placements. Each experiment was conducted at a constant temperature of 500°C… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3649-3665, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.054862 - 22 November 2024
Abstract This study investigated the conversion of sugars into furan derivatives, specifically 2,5-dimethylfuran, through catalytic processes using bibliographic analysis. This method evaluates scientific outcomes and impact within a specific field by analyzing data such as publication trends, references, collaborative models, leading authors, and institutions. The study utilized data from the reliable Scopus database and conducted analysis using the visualization of similarity (VOS) viewer program to gain in-depth insights into the current state of research on this topic. The findings revealed that “5 hydroxymethyl furfural” was the most used keyword, followed by “biomass” and “catalysis.” The research More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3667-3688, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.056266 - 22 November 2024
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrated Geology-Engineering Simulation and Optimizationfor Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)
Abstract Based on a geology-engineering sweet spot evaluation, the high-quality reservoir zones and horizontal well landing points were determined. Subsequently, fracture propagation and production were simulated with a multilayer fracturing scenario. The optimal hydraulic fracturing strategy for the multilayer fracturing network was determined by introducing a vertical asymmetry factor. This strategy aimed to minimize stress shadowing effects in the vertical direction while maximizing the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). The study found that the small vertical layer spacing of high-quality reservoirs and the presence of stress-masking layers (with a stress difference of approximately 3~8 MPa) indicate that… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3689-3710, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.055200 - 22 November 2024
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Modelling, Operation, Management and Diagnosis of Lithium Batteries)
Abstract Energy storage batteries can smooth the volatility of renewable energy sources. The operating conditions during power grid integration of renewable energy can affect the performance and failure risk of battery energy storage system (BESS). However, the current modeling of grid-connected BESS is overly simplistic, typically only considering state of charge (SOC) and power constraints. Detailed lithium (Li)-ion battery cell models are computationally intensive and impractical for real-time applications and may not be suitable for power grid operating conditions. Additionally, there is a lack of real-time batteries risk assessment frameworks. To address these issues, in this… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3711-3733, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.054032 - 22 November 2024
Abstract The output of photovoltaic power stations is significantly affected by environmental factors, leading to intermittent and fluctuating power generation. With the increasing frequency of extreme weather events due to global warming, photovoltaic power stations may experience drastic reductions in power generation or even complete shutdowns during such conditions. The integration of these stations on a large scale into the power grid could potentially pose challenges to system stability. To address this issue, in this study, we propose a network architecture based on VMD-KELM for predicting the power output of photovoltaic power plants during severe weather… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3735-3759, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.054687 - 22 November 2024
Abstract The primary factor contributing to frequency instability in microgrids is the inherent intermittency of renewable energy sources. This paper introduces novel dual-backup controllers utilizing advanced fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controllers to enhance frequency and tie-line power stability in microgrids amid increasing renewable energy integration. To improve load frequency control, the proposed controllers are applied to a two-area interconnected microgrid system incorporating diverse energy sources, such as wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, diesel generators, and various storage technologies. A novel meta-heuristic algorithm is adopted to select the optimal parameters of the proposed controllers. The efficacy… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3761-3777, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.055198 - 22 November 2024
Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) panels are essential to the global transition towards sustainable energy, offering a clean, renewable source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and mitigates climate change. High temperatures can significantly affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) panels by reducing their efficiency and power output. This paper explores the consequential effect of various rooftop coverings on the thermal performance of photovoltaic (PV) panels. It investigates the relationship between the type of rooftop covering materials and the efficiency of PV panels, considering the thermal performance and its implications for enhancing their overall performance and sustainability. The… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3779-3799, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.055535 - 22 November 2024
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Carbon Reduction and Optimized Recovery Strategies for Unconventional Resource)
Abstract Under the partial shading conditions (PSC) of Photovoltaic (PV) modules in a PV hybrid system, the power output curve exhibits multiple peaks. This often causes traditional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods to fall into local optima and fail to find the global optimum. To address this issue, a composite MPPT algorithm is proposed. It combines the improved kepler optimization algorithm (IKOA) with the optimized variable-step perturb and observe (OIP&O). The update probabilities, planetary velocity and position step coefficients of IKOA are nonlinearly and adaptively optimized. This adaptation meets the varying needs of the initial… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3801-3823, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.055398 - 22 November 2024
Abstract To ensure frequency stability in power systems with high wind penetration, the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is often used with the frequency fast response control (FFRC) to participate in frequency response. However, a certain output power suppression amount (OPSA) is generated during frequency support, resulting in the frequency modulation (FM) capability of DFIG not being fully utilised, and the system’s unbalanced power will be increased during speed recovery, resulting in a second frequency drop (SFD) in the system. Firstly, the frequency response characteristics of the power system with DFIG containing FFRC are analysed. Then, based… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3825-3841, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.055250 - 22 November 2024
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI-application in Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
Abstract Blades are essential components of wind turbines. Reducing their fatigue loads during operation helps to extend their lifespan, but it is difficult to quickly and accurately calculate the fatigue loads of blades. To solve this problem, this paper innovatively designs a data-driven blade load modeling method based on a deep learning framework through mechanism analysis, feature selection, and model construction. In the mechanism analysis part, the generation mechanism of blade loads and the load theoretical calculation method based on material damage theory are analyzed, and four measurable operating state parameters related to blade loads are… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3843-3874, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.056195 - 22 November 2024
Abstract A novel dual-pressure organic Rankine cycle system (DPORC) with a dual-stage ejector (DE-DPORC) is proposed. The system incorporates a dual-stage ejector that utilizes a small amount of extraction steam from the high-pressure expander to pressurize a large quantity of exhaust gas to perform work for the low-pressure expander. This innovative approach addresses condensing pressure limitations, reduces power consumption during pressurization, minimizes heat loss, and enhances the utilization efficiency of waste heat steam. A thermodynamic model is developed with net output work, thermal efficiency, and exergy efficiency (Wnet, ηt, ηex) as evaluation criteria, an economic model is established… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3875-3898, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.056237 - 22 November 2024
Abstract After long-term operation, the performance of components in the GTCC system deteriorates and requires timely maintenance. Due to the inability to directly measure the degree of component malfunction, it is necessary to use advanced exergy analysis diagnosis methods to characterize the components’ health condition (degree of malfunction) through operation data of the GTCC system. The dissipative temperature is used to describe the degree of malfunction of different components in the GTCC system, and an advanced exergy analysis diagnostic method is used to establish a database of overall operating condition component malfunctions in the GTCC system.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3899-3927, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.055899 - 22 November 2024
Abstract By integrating advanced digital technologies such as cloud computing and the Internet of Things in sensor measurement, information communication, and other fields, the digital DC distribution network can efficiently and reliably access Distributed Generator (DG) and Energy Storage Systems (ESS), exhibiting significant advantages in terms of controllability and meeting requirements of Plug-and-Play (PnP) operations. However, during device plug-in and -out processes, improper system parameters may lead to small-signal stability issues. Therefore, before executing PnP operations, conducting stability analysis and adjusting parameters swiftly is crucial. This study introduces a four-stage strategy for parameter optimization to enhance… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3929-3951, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.057106 - 22 November 2024
Abstract The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology has been proposed to address the problem of system frequency and active power oscillation caused by grid-connected new energy power sources. However, the traditional voltage-current double-closed-loop control used in VSG has the disadvantages of poor disturbance immunity and insufficient dynamic response. In light of the issues above, a virtual synchronous generator voltage outer-loop control strategy based on improved linear autonomous disturbance rejection control (ILADRC) is put forth for consideration. Firstly, an improved first-order linear self-immunity control structure is established for the characteristics of the voltage outer loop; then, the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3953-3979, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.056705 - 22 November 2024
Abstract Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) represent an innovative breed of transportation, harnessing diverse power sources for enhanced performance. Energy management strategies (EMSs) that coordinate and control different energy sources is a critical component of PHEV control technology, directly impacting overall vehicle performance. This study proposes an improved deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based EMS that optimizes real-time energy allocation and coordinates the operation of multiple power sources. Conventional DRL algorithms struggle to effectively explore all possible state-action combinations within high-dimensional state and action spaces. They often fail to strike an optimal balance between exploration and exploitation, and… More >
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