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Rohit Srivastava¹, Ravi Tomar¹, Ashutosh Sharma², Gaurav Dhiman³, Naveen Chilamkurti⁴, Byung-Gyu Kim^5,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 1-19, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015466 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Management of Security, Privacy and Trust of Multimedia Data in Mobile devices communication)
Abstract As multimedia data sharing increases, data security in mobile devices and its mechanism can be seen as critical. Biometrics combines the physiological and behavioral qualities of an individual to validate their character in real-time. Humans incorporate physiological attributes like a fingerprint, face, iris, palm print, finger knuckle print, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), and behavioral qualities like walk, voice, mark, or keystroke. The main goal of this paper is to design a robust framework for automatic face recognition. Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Speeded-up Robust Features (SURF) are employed for face recognition. Also, we propose a… More >

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Atta-ur-Rahman¹, Kiran Sultan³, Iftikhar Naseer⁴, Rizwan Majeed⁵, Dhiaa Musleh¹, Mohammed Abdul Salam Gollapalli², Sghaier Chabani², Nehad Ibrahim¹, Shahan Yamin Siddiqui^6,7, Muhammad Adnan Khan^8,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 21-34, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.013453 - 04 June 2021
Abstract COVID-19 turned out to be an infectious and life-threatening viral disease, and its swift and overwhelming spread has become one of the greatest challenges for the world. As yet, no satisfactory vaccine or medication has been developed that could guarantee its mitigation, though several efforts and trials are underway. Countries around the globe are striving to overcome the COVID-19 spread and while they are finding out ways for early detection and timely treatment. In this regard, healthcare experts, researchers and scientists have delved into the investigation of existing as well as new technologies. The situation… More >

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Abhinav Adarsh¹, Basant Kumar¹, Manoj Gupta², Arun Kumar², Aman Singh^3,*, Mehedi Masud⁴, Fahad A. Alraddady⁵
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 35-49, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017647 - 04 June 2021
Abstract This paper presents a new low delay centralized cooperative spectrum sensing method based on dynamic voting rule using multiple threshold level, for indoor hospital environment, where fading and direct path loss both are together responsible for variation in signal strength. In the proposed algorithm, weights of Cognitive Radios (CRs) in terms of assigned vote-count are estimated based on the sensed energy values with respect to multiple fixed threshold levels, so that the direct path loss can be dealt without further increasing the error, which occurs due to fading. For indoor hospital like environment, Rician fading More >

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Luqi Yan¹, Jin Han^1,*, Yishi Yue², Liu Zhang², Yannan Qian³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 51-65, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.016920 - 04 June 2021
Abstract Text sentiment analysis is a common problem in the field of natural language processing that is often resolved by using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, most of these CNN models focus only on learning local features while ignoring global features. In this paper, based on traditional densely connected convolutional networks (DenseNet), a parallel DenseNet is proposed to realize sentiment analysis of short texts. First, this paper proposes two novel feature extraction blocks that are based on DenseNet and a multi-scale convolutional neural network. Second, this paper solves the problem of ignoring global features in traditional More >

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Yibin Tang¹, Ying Chen², Aimin Jiang¹, Jian Li¹, Yan Zhou^1,*, Hon Keung Kwan³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 67-80, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017300 - 04 June 2021
Abstract Graph filtering is an important part of graph signal processing and a useful tool for image denoising. Existing graph filtering methods, such as adaptive weighted graph filtering (AWGF), focus on coefficient shrinkage strategies in a graph-frequency domain. However, they seldom consider the image attributes in their graph-filtering procedure. Consequently, the denoising performance of graph filtering is barely comparable with that of other state-of-the-art denoising methods. To fully exploit the image attributes, we propose a guided intra-patch smoothing AWGF (AWGF-GPS) method for single-image denoising. Unlike AWGF, which employs graph topology on patches, AWGF-GPS learns the topology… More >

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Abu Jahid¹, Mohammed H. Alsharif², Raju Kannadasan³, Mahmoud A. Albreem⁴, Peerapong Uthansakul^5,*, Jamel Nebhen⁶, Ayman A. Aly⁷
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 81-98, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017711 - 04 June 2021
Abstract The Internet subscribers are expected to increase up to 69.7% (6 billion) from 45.3% and 25 billion Internet-of-things connections by 2025. Thus, the ubiquitous availability of data-hungry smart multimedia devices urges research attention to reduce the energy consumption in the fifth-generation cloud radio access network to meet the future traffic demand of high data rates. We propose a new cell zooming paradigm based on joint transmission (JT) coordinated multipoint to optimize user connection by controlling the cell coverage in the downlink communications with a hybrid power supply. The endeavoring cell zooming technique adjusts the coverage… More >

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Tina Babu¹, Deepa Gupta¹, Tripty Singh^1,*, Shahin Hameed², Mohammed Zakariah³, Yousef Ajami Alotaibi⁴
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 99-128, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.016341 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI, IoT, Blockchain Assisted Intelligent Solutions to Medical and Healthcare Systems)
Abstract Automated grading of colon biopsy images across all magnifications is challenging because of tailored segmentation and dependent features on each magnification. This work presents a novel approach of robust magnification-independent colon cancer grading framework to distinguish colon biopsy images into four classes: normal, well, moderate, and poor. The contribution of this research is to develop a magnification invariant hybrid feature set comprising cartoon feature, Gabor wavelet, wavelet moments, HSV histogram, color auto-correlogram, color moments, and morphological features that can be used to characterize different grades. Besides, the classifier is modeled as a multiclass structure with… More >

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Mohammed Baljon, Shailendra Mishra^*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 129-144, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017509 - 04 June 2021
Abstract Energy harvesting (EH) technology in wireless communication is a promising approach to extend the lifetime of future wireless networks. A cross-layer optimal adaptation policy for a point-to-point energy harvesting (EH) wireless communication system with finite buffer constraints over a Rayleigh fading channel based on a Semi-Markov Decision Process (SMDP) is investigated. Most adaptation strategies in the literature are based on channel-dependent adaptation. However, besides considering the channel, the state of the energy capacitor and the data buffer are also involved when proposing a dynamic modulation policy for EH wireless networks. Unlike the channel-dependent policy, which… More >

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Sunqiang Hu¹, Xiaoyu Li¹, Yu Deng^1,*, Yu Peng¹, Bin Lin², Shan Yang³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 145-158, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017441 - 04 June 2021
Abstract In recent years, many text summarization models based on pre-training methods have achieved very good results. However, in these text summarization models, semantic deviations are easy to occur between the original input representation and the representation that passed multi-layer encoder, which may result in inconsistencies between the generated summary and the source text content. The Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) improves the performance of many tasks in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Although BERT has a strong capability to encode context, it lacks the fine-grained semantic representation. To solve these two problems, we proposed a… More >

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Qingyang Zhou¹, Jiaohua Qin^1,*, Xuyu Xiang¹, Yun Tan¹, Neal N. Xiong²
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 159-174, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017480 - 04 June 2021
Abstract The existing safety helmet detection methods are mainly based on one-stage object detection algorithms with high detection speed to reach the real-time detection requirements, but they can’t accurately detect small objects and objects with obstructions. Therefore, we propose a helmet detection algorithm based on the attention mechanism (AT-YOLO). First of all, a channel attention module is added to the YOLOv3 backbone network, which can adaptively calibrate the channel features of the direction to improve the feature utilization, and a spatial attention module is added to the neck of the YOLOv3 network to capture the correlation… More >

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Norhan Hesham, Osama Abu-Elnasr^*, Samir Elmougy
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 175-190, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015168 - 04 June 2021
Abstract Many previous research studies have demonstrated game strategies enabling virtual players to play and take actions mimicking humans. The Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) strategy tries to simulate human thinking regarding solving problems based on constructed knowledge. This paper suggests a new Action-Based Reasoning (ABR) strategy for a chess engine. This strategy mimics human experts’ approaches when playing chess, with the help of the CBR phases. This proposed engine consists of the following processes. Firstly, an action library compiled by parsing many grandmasters’ cases with their actions from different games is built. Secondly, this library reduces the… More >

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Taher M. Ghazal^1,2, Marrium Anam³, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan¹, Muzammil Hussain^4,*, Muhammad Sajid Farooq⁵, Hafiz Muhammad Ammar Ali⁴, Munir Ahmad⁶, Tariq Rahim Soomro⁷
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 191-203, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015436 - 04 June 2021
Abstract Hepatitis C is a contagious blood-borne infection, and it is mostly asymptomatic during the initial stages. Therefore, it is difficult to diagnose and treat patients in the early stages of infection. The disease’s progression to its last stages makes diagnosis and treatment more difficult. In this study, an AI system based on machine learning algorithms is presented to help healthcare professionals with an early diagnosis of hepatitis C. The dataset used for our Hep-Pred model is based on a literature study, and includes the records of 1385 patients infected with the hepatitis C virus. Patients More >

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A. M. Abd-Alla^1,*, S. M. Abo-Dahab², M. A. Abdelhafez¹, A. M. Farhan^3,4
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 205-220, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015563 - 04 June 2021
Abstract The present paper aims to explore how the magnetic field, ramp parameter, and rotation affect a generalized micropolar thermoelastic medium that is standardized isotropic within the half-space. By employing normal mode analysis and Lame’s potential theory, the authors could express analytically the components of displacement, stress, couple stress, and temperature field in the physical domain. They calculated such manners of expression numerically and plotted the matching graphs to highlight and make comparisons with theoretical findings. The highlights of the paper cover the impacts of various parameters on the rotating micropolar thermoelastic half-space. Nevertheless, the non-dimensional… More >

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Ishak Hashim¹, Nur Nabilah Che Draman², Samsul Ariffin Abdul Karim^3,*, Wee Ping Yeo⁴, Dumitru Baleanu^5,6,7
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 221-236, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.016006 - 04 June 2021
Abstract This paper discusses scattered data interpolation using cubic trigonometric Bézier triangular patches with continuity everywhere. We derive the condition on each adjacent triangle. On each triangular patch, we employ convex combination method between three local schemes. The final interpolant with the rational corrected scheme is suitable for regular and irregular scattered data sets. We tested the proposed scheme with 36,65, and 100 data points for some well-known test functions. The scheme is also applied to interpolate the data for the electric potential. We compared the performance between our proposed method and existing scattered data interpolation More >

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Yi Yang^*, Robert A. Nawrocki, Richard M. Voyles, Haiyan H. Zhang
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 237-266, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017439 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Fractional Calculus Applied to Complex Engineering Phenomena)
Abstract Because charge carriers of many organic semiconductors (OSCs) exhibit fractional drift diffusion (Fr-DD) transport properties, the need to develop a Fr-DD model solver becomes more apparent. However, the current research on solving the governing equations of the Fr-DD model is practically nonexistent. In this paper, an iterative solver with high precision is developed to solve both the transient and steady-state Fr-DD model for organic semiconductor devices. The Fr-DD model is composed of two fractional-order carriers (i.e., electrons and holes) continuity equations coupled with Poisson’s equation. By treating the current density as constants within each pair… More >

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Jehad Ali¹, Byungkyu Lee², Jimyung Oh², Jungtae Lee³, Byeong-hee Roh^1,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 267-282, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017813 - 04 June 2021
Abstract The controller in software-defined networking (SDN) acts as strategic point of control for the underlying network. Multiple controllers are available, and every single controller retains a number of features such as the OpenFlow version, clustering, modularity, platform, and partnership support, etc. They are regarded as vital when making a selection among a set of controllers. As such, the selection of the controller becomes a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem with several features. Hence, an increase in this number will increase the computational complexity of the controller selection process. Previously, the selection of controllers based on More >

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J. Hemalatha¹, S. Geetha², R. Geetha³, C. Balasubramanian⁴, Daniela Elena Popescu⁵, D. Jude Hemanth^6,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 283-300, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017203 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced signal acquisition and processing for Internet of Medical Things)
Abstract A novel image reversible data-hiding scheme based on primitive and varying radix numerical model is presented in this article. Using varying radix, variable sum of data may be embedded in various pixels of images. This scheme is made adaptive using the correlation of the neighboring pixels. Messages are embedded as blocks of non-uniform length in the high-frequency regions of the rhombus mean interpolated image. A higher amount of data is embedded in the high-frequency regions and lesser data in the low-frequency regions of the image. The size of the embedded data depends on the statistics… More >

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Fahd N. Al-Wesabi^1,2,*, Imran Khan³, Mohammad Alamgeer⁴, Ali M. Al-Sharafi⁵, Bong Jun Choi⁶, Abdallah Aldosary⁷, Ehab Mahmoud Mohamed^8,9
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 301-317, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018122 - 04 June 2021
Abstract With the rapid development of Internet technology, users have an increasing demand for data. The continuous popularization of traffic-intensive applications such as high-definition video, 3D visualization, and cloud computing has promoted the rapid evolution of the communications industry. In order to cope with the huge traffic demand of today’s users, 5G networks must be fast, flexible, reliable and sustainable. Based on these research backgrounds, the academic community has proposed D2D communication. The main feature of D2D communication is that it enables direct communication between devices, thereby effectively improve resource utilization and reduce the dependence on… More >

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Abdul Majid¹, Muhammad Attique Khan¹, Yunyoung Nam^2,*, Usman Tariq³, Sudipta Roy⁴, Reham R. Mostafa⁵, Rasha H. Sakr⁶
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 319-337, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.016816 - 04 June 2021
Abstract The recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a significant impact on human life and the economy around the world. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test is used to screen for this disease, but its low sensitivity means that it is not sufficient for early detection and treatment. As RT-PCR is a time-consuming procedure, there is interest in the introduction of automated techniques for diagnosis. Deep learning has a key role to play in the field of medical imaging. The most important issue… More >

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Gang Xu¹, Rui-Ting Shan², Xiu-Bo Chen², Mianxiong Dong³, Yu-Ling Chen^4,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 339-349, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017968 - 04 June 2021
Abstract With the emergence of classical communication security problems, quantum communication has been studied more extensively. In this paper, a novel probabilistic hierarchical quantum information splitting protocol is designed by using a non-maximally entangled four-qubit cluster state. Firstly, the sender Alice splits and teleports an arbitrary one-qubit secret state invisibly to three remote agents Bob, Charlie, and David. One agent David is in high grade, the other two agents Bob and Charlie are in low grade. Secondly, the receiver in high grade needs the assistance of one agent in low grade, while the receiver in low… More >

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Sankar Sennan¹, Somula Ramasubbareddy², Anand Nayyar^3,4, Yunyoung Nam^5,*, Mohamed Abouhawwash^6,7
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 351-371, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017360 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Emerging Trends in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)
Abstract Energy conservation is a significant task in the Internet of Things (IoT) because IoT involves highly resource-constrained devices. Clustering is an effective technique for saving energy by reducing duplicate data. In a clustering protocol, the selection of a cluster head (CH) plays a key role in prolonging the lifetime of a network. However, most cluster-based protocols, including routing protocols for low-power and lossy networks (RPLs), have used fuzzy logic and probabilistic approaches to select the CH node. Consequently, early battery depletion is produced near the sink. To overcome this issue, a lion optimization algorithm (LOA)… More >

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Mohammad Aladaileh¹, Mohammed Anbar^1,*, Iznan H. Hasbullah¹, Yousef K. Sanjalawe^1,2, Yung-Wey Chong¹
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 373-391, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017972 - 04 June 2021
Abstract The Software-Defined Networking (SDN) technology improves network management over existing technology via centralized network control. The SDN provides a perfect platform for researchers to solve traditional network’s outstanding issues. However, despite the advantages of centralized control, concern about its security is rising. The more traditional network switched to SDN technology, the more attractive it becomes to malicious actors, especially the controller, because it is the network’s brain. A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack on the controller could cripple the entire network. For that reason, researchers are always looking for ways to detect DDoS attacks against More >

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Dileep Kumar^1,*, Imtiaz Hussain Kalwar², Tanweer Hussain¹, Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry¹, Sanaullah Mehran Ujjan¹, Tayab Din Memon³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 393-408, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014941 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Machine Learning for Data Analytics)
Abstract Reliability of rotating machines is highly dependent on the smooth rolling of bearings. Thus, it is very essential for reliable operation of rotating machines to monitor the working condition of bearings using suitable fault diagnosis and condition monitoring approach. In the recent past, Deep Learning (DL) has become applicable in condition monitoring of rotating machines owing to its performance. This paper proposes a novel bearing fault diagnosis method based on the processing and analysis of the vibration images. The proposed method is the UNET model that is a recent development in DL models. The model More >

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Muhammad Ali Memon¹, Asadullah Shaikh^2,*, Adel Sulaiman², Abdullah Alghamdi², Mesfer Alrizq², Bernard Archimède³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 409-432, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017653 - 04 June 2021
Abstract In today’s competitive business environment, the cost of a product is one of the most important considerations for its sale. Businesses are heavily involved in research strategies to minimize the cost of elements that can impact on the final price of the product. Logistics is one such factor. Numerous products arrive from diverse locations to consumers in today’s digital era of online businesses. Clearly, the logistics sector faces several dilemmas from order attributes to environmental changes in this regard. This has specially been noted during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic where the demands on online businesses… More >

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R. Punithavathi¹, Chinnarao Kurangi², S. P. Balamurugan³, Irina V. Pustokhina⁴, Denis A. Pustokhin⁵, K. Shankar^6,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 433-449, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018231 - 04 June 2021
Abstract Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises a massive number of arbitrarily placed sensor nodes that are linked wirelessly to monitor the physical parameters from the target region. As the nodes in WSN operate on inbuilt batteries, the energy depletion occurs after certain rounds of operation and thereby results in reduced network lifetime. To enhance energy efficiency and network longevity, clustering and routing techniques are commonly employed in WSN. This paper presents a novel black widow optimization (BWO) with improved ant colony optimization (IACO) algorithm (BWO-IACO) for cluster based routing in WSN. The proposed BWO-IACO algorithm involves… More >

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Masoud Muhammed Hassan¹, Adel Sabry Eesa^1,*, Ahmed Jameel Mohammed², Wahab Kh. Arabo¹
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 451-469, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018280 - 04 June 2021
Abstract Learning from imbalanced data is one of the greatest challenging problems in binary classification, and this problem has gained more importance in recent years. When the class distribution is imbalanced, classical machine learning algorithms tend to move strongly towards the majority class and disregard the minority. Therefore, the accuracy may be high, but the model cannot recognize data instances in the minority class to classify them, leading to many misclassifications. Different methods have been proposed in the literature to handle the imbalance problem, but most are complicated and tend to simulate unnecessary noise. In this More >

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Sidra Naseem¹, Kashif Javed¹, Muhammad Jawad Khan¹, Saddaf Rubab², Muhammad Attique Khan³, Yunyoung Nam^4,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 471-486, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018239 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis)
Abstract Electroencephalography is a common clinical procedure to record brain signals generated by human activity. EEGs are useful in Brain controlled interfaces and other intelligent Neuroscience applications, but manual analysis of these brainwaves is complicated and time-consuming even for the experts of neuroscience. Various EEG analysis and classification techniques have been proposed to address this problem however, the conventional classification methods require identification and learning of specific EEG characteristics beforehand. Deep learning models can learn features from data without having in depth knowledge of data and prior feature identification. One of the great implementations of deep… More >

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Surajo Muhammad^1,*, Jun Jiat Tiang¹, Sew Kin Wong¹, Jamel Nebhen², Amjad Iqbal¹
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 487-501, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018292 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in 5G Antenna Designs and Systems)
Abstract This paper proposed the design of a dual-port rectifier with multi-frequency operations. The RF rectifier is achieved using a combination of L-section inductive impedance matching network (IMN) at Port-1 with a multiple stubs impedance transformer at Port-2. The fabricated prototype can harvest RF signal from GSM/900, GSM/1800, UMTS/2100, Wi-Fi/2.45 and LTE/2600 frequency bands at (0.94, 1.80, 2.10, 2.46, and 2.63 GHz), respectively. The rectifier occupies a small portion of a PCB board at 0.20 λg × 0.15 λg. The proposed circuit realized a measured peak RF-to-dc (radio frequency direct current) power conversion efficiency (PCE) of… More >

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Zhenzhou Wang¹, Yan Zhang¹, Pingping Yu^1,*, Ning Cao², Heiner Dintera³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 503-519, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017624 - 04 June 2021
Abstract To better regulate the speed of brushless DC motors, an improved algorithm based on the original Glowworm Swarm Optimization is proposed. The proposed algorithm solves the problems of poor robustness, slow convergence, and low accuracy exhibited by traditional PID controllers. When selecting the glowworm neighborhood set, an optimization scheme based on the growth and competition behavior of weeds is applied to a single glowworm to prevent falling into a local optimal solution. After the glowworm’s position is updated, the league selection operator is introduced to search for the global optimal solution. Combining the local search… More >

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Mohammed Abd-Elnaby^*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 521-537, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018351 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Pervasive Computing and Communication: Challenges, Technologies & Opportunities)
Abstract Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is one of the leading technologies for 5G communication. User pairing (UP) and power allocation (PA) are the key controlling mechanisms for the optimization of the performance of NOMA systems. This paper presents a novel UP and PA (UPPA) technique for capacity and fairness maximization in NOMA called (CFM-UPPA). The impact of the power allocation coefficient and the ratio between the channel gains of the paired users on the sum-rate capacity and the fairness in NOMA is firstly investigated. Then, based on this investigation, the PA and UP algorithms of the… More >

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Samer Alabed^*, Issam Maaz, Mohammad Al-Rabayah
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 539-553, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018061 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Reinforcement Learning Based solutions for Next-Generation Wireless Networks Coexistence)
Abstract In this article, we introduce a new bi-directional dual-relay selection strategy with its bit error rate (BER) performance analysis. During the first step of the proposed strategy, two relays out of a set of N relay-nodes are selected in a way to optimize the system performance in terms of BER, based on the suggested algorithm which checks if the selected relays using the max-min criterion are the best ones. In the second step, the chosen relay-nodes perform an orthogonal space-time coding scheme using the two-phase relaying protocol to establish a bi-directional communication between the communicating More >

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1380

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Dah-Jing Jwo^*, Jia-Chyi Wu, Kuan-Lin Ho
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 555-574, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018320 - 04 June 2021
Abstract This paper investigates performance improvement via the incorporation of the support vector machine (SVM) into the vector tracking loop (VTL) for the Global Positioning System (GPS) in limited satellite visibility. Unlike the traditional scalar tracking loop (STL), the tracking and navigation modules in the VTL are not independent anymore since the user’s position can be determined by using the information from other satellites and can be predicted on the basis of the states of the user. The method proposed in this paper makes use of the SVM to bridge the GPS signal and prevent the error… More >

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Samer Alabed¹, Ibrahim Mahariq^1,*, Mohammad Salman¹, Mustafa Kuzuoglu²
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 575-588, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018245 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Reinforcement Learning Based solutions for Next-Generation Wireless Networks Coexistence)
Abstract In this article, a low-cost electromagnetic structure emulating photonic nanojets is utilized to improve the efficiency of wireless relay networks. The spectral element method, due to its high accuracy, is used to verify the efficiency of the proposed structure by solving the associate field distribution. The application of optimal single-relay selection method shows that full diversity gain with low complexity can be achieved. In this paper, the proposed technique using smart relays combines the aforementioned two methods to attain the benefits of both methods by achieving the highest coding and diversity gain and enhances the More >

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Shams Al Ajrawi^1,*, Ramesh Rao², Mahasweta Sarkar³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 589-605, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.016930 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrity and Multimedia Data Management in Healthcare Applications using IoT)
Abstract Brain computer interface (BCI) systems permit individuals with motor disorders to utilize their thoughts as a mean to control external devices. BCI is a promising interdisciplinary field that gained the attention of many researchers. Yet, the development of BCI systems is facing several challenges, such as network lifetime. The Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol is the bottle- neck of network reliability. There are many MAC protocols that can be utilized for dependable transmission in BCI applications by altering their control parameters. However, modifying these parameters is another source of concern due to the scarcity in… More >

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1536

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Javeria Naz¹, Muhammad Attique Khan¹, Majed Alhaisoni², Oh-Young Song^3,*, Usman Tariq⁴, Seifedine Kadry⁵
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 607-625, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017101 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis)
Abstract An automated system is proposed for the detection and classification of GI abnormalities. The proposed method operates under two pipeline procedures: (a) segmentation of the bleeding infection region and (b) classification of GI abnormalities by deep learning. The first bleeding region is segmented using a hybrid approach. The threshold is applied to each channel extracted from the original RGB image. Later, all channels are merged through mutual information and pixel-based techniques. As a result, the image is segmented. Texture and deep learning features are extracted in the proposed classification task. The transfer learning (TL) approach… More >

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1493

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Adeel Rafiq, Muhammad Afaq, Khizar Abbas, Wang-Cheol Song^*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 627-645, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.016529 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Intelligent Software-defined Networking (SDN) Technologies for Future Generation Networks)
Abstract The installation of small cells in a 5G network extends the maximum coverage and provides high availability. However, this approach increases the handover overhead in the Core Network (CN) due to frequent handoffs. The variation of user density and movement inside a region of small cells also increases the handover overhead in CN. However, the present 5G system cannot reduce the handover overhead in CN under such circumstances because it relies on a traditionally rigid and complex hierarchical sequence for a handover procedure. Recently, Not Only Stack (NO Stack) architecture has been introduced for Radio… More >

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1699

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Jihoon Lee, Nammee Moon^*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 647-660, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.016712 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances of AI and Blockchain technologies for Future Smart City)
Abstract In this study, using Head Mounted Display (HMD), which is one of the biggest advantage of Virtual Reality (VR) environment, tracks the user’s gaze in 360° video content, and examines how the gaze pattern is distributed according to the user’s immersion. As a result of analyzing the gaze pattern distribution of contents with high user immersion and contents with low user immersion through a questionnaire, it was confirmed that the higher the immersion, the more the gaze distribution tends to be concentrated in the center of the screen. Through this experiment, we were able to More >

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Mohammed H. Alsharif¹, Mahmoud A. Albreem², Abu Jahid³, Kannadasan Raju⁴, Peerapong Uthansakul^5,*, Jamel Nebhen⁶, Venkatesan Chandrasekaran⁴, Ayman A. Aly⁷
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 661-677, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017059 - 04 June 2021
Abstract Green wireless networking is an emerging area for many societies, especially academia and industry, in light of economic and ecological perspectives. Empowering wireless infrastructures exploiting green power sources can enhance sustainability due to the adverse effects of conventional power sources and atmospheric circumstances. Moreover, the specific power supply requirements for a base station (BS), such as cost effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, and reliability, can be met by utilizing technological advances in renewable energy. Numerous drivers and motivators are involved in the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the transition toward green energy. Renewable energy is free,… More >

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1421

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Ayman Abdulhadi Althuwayb¹, Fazirulhisyam Hashim², Jiun Terng Liew², Imran Khan³, Jeong Woo Lee⁴, Emmanuel Ampoma Affum⁵, Abdeldjalil Ouahabi^6,7,*, Sébastien Jacques⁸
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 679-694, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015421 - 04 June 2021
Abstract With the rapid development of the mobile internet and the internet of things (IoT), the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system is seeing explosive growth in data traffic. In addition, low-frequency spectrum resources are becoming increasingly scarce and there is now an urgent need to switch to higher frequency bands. Millimeter wave (mmWave) technology has several outstanding features—it is one of the most well-known 5G technologies and has the capacity to fulfil many of the requirements of future wireless networks. Importantly, it has an abundant resource spectrum, which can significantly increase the communication rate of… More >

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1468

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Zhichao Hu¹, Xiangzhan Yu^1,*, Jiantao Shi¹, Lin Ye^1,2
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 695-711, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017574 - 04 June 2021
Abstract With the continuous development of network technology, various large-scale cyber-attacks continue to emerge. These attacks pose a severe threat to the security of systems, networks, and data. Therefore, how to mine attack patterns from massive data and detect attacks are urgent problems. In this paper, an approach for attack mining and detection is proposed that performs tasks of alarm correlation, false-positive elimination, attack mining, and attack prediction. Based on the idea of CluStream, the proposed approach implements a flow clustering method and a two-step algorithm that guarantees efficient streaming and clustering. The context of an… More >

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Se-Won Kim¹, Sang-Woong Lee^2,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 713-725, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017292 - 04 June 2021
Abstract As the amount of online video content is increasing, consumers are becoming increasingly interested in various product names appearing in videos, particularly in cosmetic-product names in videos related to fashion, beauty, and style. Thus, the identification of such products by using image recognition technology may aid in the identification of current commercial trends. In this paper, we propose a two-stage deep-learning detection and classification method for cosmetic products. Specifically, variants of the YOLO network are used for detection, where the bounding box for each given input product is predicted and subsequently cropped for classification. We More >

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1907

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Xiaorui Zhang^1,2,*, Tong Xu¹, Wei Sun², Jiali Duan¹, Sunil Kumar Jha³
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 727-745, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018182 - 04 June 2021
Abstract In the simulation of acupuncture manipulation, it is necessary to accurately capture the information of acupuncture points and particles around them. Therefore, a soft tissue modeling method that can accurately track model particles is needed. In this paper, a soft tissue acupuncture model based on the mass-spring force net is designed. MSM is used as the auxiliary model and the SHF model is combined. SHF is used to establish a three-layer soft tissue model of skin, fat, and muscle, and a layer of the MSM based force network is covered on the surface of soft More >

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Omer Ali^1,2, Mohamad Khairi Ishak^1,*, Muhammad Kamran Liaquat Bhatti²
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 747-766, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018098 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Trends in Machine Intelligence respected to Medical Field Applications)
Abstract The COVID-19 virus exhibits pneumonia-like symptoms, including fever, cough, and shortness of breath, and may be fatal. Many COVID-19 contraction experiments require comprehensive clinical procedures at medical facilities. Clinical studies help to make a correct diagnosis of COVID-19, where the disease has already spread to the organs in most cases. Prompt and early diagnosis is indispensable for providing patients with the possibility of early clinical diagnosis and slowing down the disease spread. Therefore, clinical investigations in patients with COVID-19 have revealed distinct patterns of breathing relative to other diseases such as flu and cold, which… More >

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Ayman Mohamed Mostafa^1,2,*, Saleh N. Almuayqil¹, Wael Said^2,3
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 767-784, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018236 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Machine Learning-based Intelligent Systems: Theories, Algorithms, and Applications)
Abstract With the rapid development in business transactions, especially in recent years, it has become necessary to develop different mechanisms to trace business user records in web server log in an efficient way. Online business transactions have increased, especially when the user or customer cannot obtain the required service. For example, with the spread of the epidemic Coronavirus (COVID-19) throughout the world, there is a dire need to rely more on online business processes. In order to improve the efficiency and performance of E-business structure, a web server log must be well utilized to have the… More >

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Javaria Amin¹, Muhammad Sharif², Muhammad Almas Anjum³, Ayesha Siddiqa¹, Seifedine Kadry⁴, Yunyoung Nam^5,*, Mudassar Raza²
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 785-799, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015249 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI, IoT, Blockchain Assisted Intelligent Solutions to Medical and Healthcare Systems)
Abstract White blood cells (WBCs) are a vital part of the immune system that protect the body from different types of bacteria and viruses. Abnormal cell growth destroys the body’s immune system, and computerized methods play a vital role in detecting abnormalities at the initial stage. In this research, a deep learning technique is proposed for the detection of leukemia. The proposed methodology consists of three phases. Phase I uses an open neural network exchange (ONNX) and YOLOv2 to localize WBCs. The localized images are passed to Phase II, in which 3D-segmentation is performed using deeplabv3 More >

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Jehyeok Rew, Hyungjoon Kim, Eenjun Hwang^*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 801-817, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017892 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis)
Abstract Objective and quantitative assessment of skin conditions is essential for cosmeceutical studies and research on skin aging and skin regeneration. Various handcraft-based image processing methods have been proposed to evaluate skin conditions objectively, but they have unavoidable disadvantages when used to analyze skin features accurately. This study proposes a hybrid segmentation scheme consisting of Deeplab v3+ with an Inception-ResNet-v2 backbone, LightGBM, and morphological processing (MP) to overcome the shortcomings of handcraft-based approaches. First, we apply Deeplab v3+ with an Inception-ResNet-v2 backbone for pixel segmentation of skin wrinkles and cells. Then, LightGBM and MP are used More >

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Naveen Kumar Seerangan^1,*, S. Vijayaragavan Shanmugam²
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 819-830, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.012135 - 04 June 2021
Abstract Root-cause identification plays a vital role in business decision making by providing effective future directions for the organizations. Aspect extraction and sentiment extraction plays a vital role in identifying the root-causes. This paper proposes the Ensemble based temporal weighting and pareto ranking (ETP) model for Root-cause identification. Aspect extraction is performed based on rules and is followed by opinion identification using the proposed boosted ensemble model. The obtained aspects are validated and ranked using the proposed aspect weighing scheme. Pareto-rule based aspect selection is performed as the final selection mechanism and the results are presented More >

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Reham Alabduljabbar^*, Hala Alshamlan
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 831-847, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018402 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Emerging Trends in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)
Abstract The worldwide mortality rate due to cancer is second only to cardiovascular diseases. The discovery of image processing, latest artificial intelligence techniques, and upcoming algorithms can be used to effectively diagnose and prognose cancer faster and reduce the mortality rate. Efficiently applying these latest techniques has increased the survival chances during recent years. The research community is making significant continuous progress in developing automated tools to assist dermatologists in decision making. The datasets used for the experimentation and analysis are ISBI 2016, ISBI 2017, and HAM 10000. In this work pertained models are used to… More >

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Said Ali Hassan¹, Khalid Alnowibet², Miral H. Khodeir¹, Prachi Agrawal³, Adel F. Alrasheedi², Ali Wagdy Mohamed^4,5,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 849-871, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018389 - 04 June 2021
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Role of Computer in Modelling & Solving Real-World Problems)
Abstract Commercial airline companies are continuously seeking to implement strategies for minimizing costs of fuel for their flight routes as acquiring jet fuel represents a significant part of operating and managing expenses for airline activities. A nonlinear mixed binary mathematical programming model for the airline fuel task is presented to minimize the total cost of refueling in an entire flight route problem. The model is enhanced to include possible discounts in fuel prices, which are performed by adding dummy variables and some restrictive constraints, or by fitting a suitable distribution function that relates prices to purchased… More >

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Nasir Mahmood¹, Yaser Hafeez¹, Khalid Iqbal², Shariq Hussain³, Muhammad Aqib¹, Muhammad Jamal⁴, Oh-Young Song^5,*
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 873-893, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.016614 - 04 June 2021
Abstract Despite advances in technological complexity and efforts, software repository maintenance requires reusing the data to reduce the effort and complexity. However, increasing ambiguity, irrelevance, and bugs while extracting similar data during software development generate a large amount of data from those data that reside in repositories. Thus, there is a need for a repository mining technique for relevant and bug-free data prediction. This paper proposes a fault prediction approach using a data-mining technique to find good predictors for high-quality software. To predict errors in mining data, the Apriori algorithm was used to discover association rules… More >

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