Traditional linear methods provide a simplified means for designing new buildings but could not capture the behavior of existing structures beyond their yield point. To realistically assess the response of existing structures under extreme loads, integrating nonlinear material models becomes crucial. Various confined concrete models have been developed for this purpose. The selection of an appropriate concrete model greatly affects component behavior due to its material and geometric properties under varying axial loads and confinement effects. This underscores the significance of meticulous concrete model selection for accurate seismic response predictions in existing structures.
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