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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Improved Hybrid Beamforming for mmWave Multi-User Massive MIMO

    Ji-Sung Jung1, Won-Seok Lee1, Yeong-Rong Lee1, Jaeho Kim2, Hyoung-Kyu Song1,*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 3057-3070, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015673

    Abstract Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) has become essential for the increase of capacity as the millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is considered. Also, hybrid beamforming systems have been studied since full-digital beamforming is impractical due to high cost and power consumption of the radio frequency (RF) chains. This paper proposes a hybrid beamforming scheme to improve the spectral efficiency for multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems. In a frequency selective fading environment, hybrid beamforming schemes suffer from performance degradation since the analog precoder performs the same precoding for all subcarriers. To mitigate performance degradation, this paper uses the average channel covariance matrix for… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Time-Aware PolarisX: Auto-Growing Knowledge Graph

    Yeon-Sun Ahn, Ok-Ran Jeong*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 2695-2708, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015636

    Abstract A knowledge graph is a structured graph in which data obtained from multiple sources are standardized to acquire and integrate human knowledge. Research is being actively conducted to cover a wide variety of knowledge, as it can be applied to applications that help humans. However, existing researches are constructing knowledge graphs without the time information that knowledge implies. Knowledge stored without time information becomes outdated over time, and in the future, the possibility of knowledge being false or meaningful changes is excluded. As a result, they can’t reflect information that changes dynamically, and they can’t accept information that has newly… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    EP-Bot: Empathetic Chatbot Using Auto-Growing Knowledge Graph

    SoYeop Yoo, OkRan Jeong*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 2807-2817, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015634

    Abstract People occasionally interact with each other through conversation. In particular, we communicate through dialogue and exchange emotions and information from it. Emotions are essential characteristics of natural language. Conversational artificial intelligence is an integral part of all the technologies that allow computers to communicate like humans. For a computer to interact like a human being, it must understand the emotions inherent in the conversation and generate the appropriate responses. However, existing dialogue systems focus only on improving the quality of understanding natural language or generating natural language, excluding emotions. We propose a chatbot based on emotion, which is an essential… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A Deep Learning-Based Recognition Approach for the Conversion of Multilingual Braille Images

    Abdulmalik AlSalman1, Abdu Gumaei1,*, Amani AlSalman2, Suheer Al-Hadhrami1

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 3847-3864, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015614

    Abstract Braille-assistive technologies have helped blind people to write, read, learn, and communicate with sighted individuals for many years. These technologies enable blind people to engage with society and help break down communication barriers in their lives. The Optical Braille Recognition (OBR) system is one example of these technologies. It plays an important role in facilitating communication between sighted and blind people and assists sighted individuals in the reading and understanding of the documents of Braille cells. However, a clear gap exists in current OBR systems regarding asymmetric multilingual conversion of Braille documents. Few systems allow sighted people to read and… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Robust Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for IoT-Assisted Smart Devices in WSN

    Maryam Shafiq1, Humaira Ashraf1, Ata Ullah2, Mehedi Masud3, Muhammad Azeem2, N. Z. Jhanjhi4,*, Mamoona Humayun5

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 3505-3521, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015533

    Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining attention because of its broad applicability, especially by integrating smart devices for massive communication during sensing tasks. IoT-assisted Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are suitable for various applications like industrial monitoring, agriculture, and transportation. In this regard, routing is challenging to find an efficient path using smart devices for transmitting the packets towards big data repositories while ensuring efficient energy utilization. This paper presents the Robust Cluster Based Routing Protocol (RCBRP) to identify the routing paths where less energy is consumed to enhances the network lifespan. The scheme is presented in six phases to… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    LBC-IoT: Lightweight Block Cipher for IoT Constraint Devices

    Rabie A. Ramadan1,2,*, Bassam W. Aboshosha3, Kusum Yadav1, Ibrahim M. Alseadoon1, Munawar J. Kashout1, Mohamed Elhoseny4,5

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 3563-3579, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015519

    Abstract With the new era of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, many devices with limited resources are utilized. Those devices are susceptible to a significant number of new malware and other risks emerging rapidly. One of the most appropriate methods for securing those IoT applications is cryptographic algorithms, as cryptography masks information by eliminating the risk of collecting any meaningful information patterns. This ensures that all data communications are private, accurate, authenticated, authorized, or non-repudiated. Since conventional cryptographic algorithms have been developed specifically for devices with limited resources; however, it turns out that such algorithms are not ideal for IoT… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Parallel Optimization of Program Instructions Using Genetic Algorithms

    Petre Anghelescu*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 3293-3310, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015495

    Abstract This paper describes an efficient solution to parallelize software program instructions, regardless of the programming language in which they are written. We solve the problem of the optimal distribution of a set of instructions on available processors. We propose a genetic algorithm to parallelize computations, using evolution to search the solution space. The stages of our proposed genetic algorithm are: The choice of the initial population and its representation in chromosomes, the crossover, and the mutation operations customized to the problem being dealt with. In this paper, genetic algorithms are applied to the entire search space of the parallelization of… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Intelligent Real-Time IoT Traffic Steering in 5G Edge Networks

    Sa Math1, Prohim Tam1, Seokhoon Kim2,*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 3433-3450, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015490

    Abstract In the Next Generation Radio Networks (NGRN), there will be extreme massive connectivity with the Heterogeneous Internet of Things (HetIoT) devices. The millimeter-Wave (mmWave) communications will become a potential core technology to increase the capacity of Radio Networks (RN) and enable Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) of Radio Remote Head (RRH) technology. However, the challenging key issues in unfair radio resource handling remain unsolved when massive requests are occurring concurrently. The imbalance of resource utilization is one of the main issues occurs when there is overloaded connectivity to the closest RRH receiving exceeding requests. To handle this issue effectively, Machine Learning… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    An Efficient Genetic Hybrid PAPR Technique for 5G Waveforms

    Arun Kumar1, Mahmoud A. Albreem2, Mohammed H. Alsharif3, Abu Jahid4, Peerapong Uthansakul5,*, Jamel Nebhen6

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 3283-3292, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015470

    Abstract Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a strong contender multicarrier waveform technique for the fifth generation (5G) communication system. The high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a serious concern in designing the NOMA waveform. However, the arrangement of NOMA is different from the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. Thus, traditional reduction methods cannot be applied to NOMA. A partial transmission sequence (PTS) is commonly utilized to minimize the PAPR of the transmitting NOMA symbol. The choice phase aspect in the PTS is the only non-linear optimization obstacle that creates a huge computational complication due to the respective non-carrying sub-blocks in the unitary… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Energy-Efficient Transmission Range Optimization Model for WSN-Based Internet of Things

    Md. Jalil Piran1, Sandeep Verma2, Varun G. Menon3, Doug Young Suh4,*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 2989-3007, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015426

    Abstract With the explosive advancements in wireless communications and digital electronics, some tiny devices, sensors, became a part of our daily life in numerous fields. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is composed of tiny sensor devices. WSNs have emerged as a key technology enabling the realization of the Internet of Things (IoT). In particular, the sensor-based revolution of WSN-based IoT has led to considerable technological growth in nearly all circles of our life such as smart cities, smart homes, smart healthcare, security applications, environmental monitoring, etc. However, the limitations of energy, communication range, and computational resources are bottlenecks to the widespread applications… More >

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