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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Growth of the Pulmonary Valve Annulus after the Modified Blalock-Taussig Shunt in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot

    Siraphop Thapmongkol1,*, Jarun Sayasathid1, Jessada Methrujpanont2, Kanthachat Thatsakorn1, Worawan Jittham3, Suwanna Puitm4, Methiniwiran Thapmongkol5, Jule Namchaisiri6

    Congenital Heart Disease, Vol.16, No.5, pp. 433-441, 2021, DOI:10.32604/CHD.2021.015770

    Abstract Background: The surgical outcomes of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have evolved dramatically and have resulted in lower mortality rate. Currently, the many cardiac centers have a trend to early single-stage complete repair more than a staged repair. However, the patients who have an early primary repair were required transannular patch augmentation of a pulmonary valve frequently. This effect has been developed a chronic pulmonary insufficiency may lead to right ventricular dilation, dysfunction. In this era, the aim of treatment of TOF is attempted to preserve pulmonary valve annulus for prevent right ventricular dysfunction in the future. The systemic to pulmonary… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Technical System Construction in the Market Trading System for Demand Response Based on the Energy Internet

    Yinhe Bu1, Xingping Zhang1,2,3,*

    Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1095-1109, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.015893

    Abstract With the explosive growth of variable renewable energy, the balance between the supply and demand of the power grid is faced with new challenges. Based on the development experience from typical countries and the state quo in China, this paper further analyzes the system architecture and development trend of demand response under the background of Energy Internet. Five dimensions are considered: Energy Internet platform, demand response application scenarios, system architecture, information technology system construction, and demand response development trend. The results show that the application of the Energy Internet platform can effectively solve the problems of data acquisition and processing,… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Effect of Non-Convective Zone Thickness on Thermal Efficiency of Salt Gradient Solar Ponds

    Nan Li1, Ruiyang Xu1, Caihong Zhang1,*, Guoping Wu2

    Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1185-1195, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014741

    Abstract An improved radiation transmission and thermal efficiency model for solar ponds has been proposed based on both the Hull Model and Wang/Seyed-Yagoobi Model in this paper. The new model is more accurate to actual measured conditions because multiple reflections and turbidity effects are included. Absorption penetration, thermal conductivity loss and thermal efficiency under different Non-Convective Zone thicknesses are numerically analyzed and thoroughly discussed. The results show that ΔT/I0 plays a critical role for the thermal efficiency of solar pond. Furthermore, it is found through calculation that there is an optimum thickness of the Non-Convective Zone. When the Non-Convective Zone thickness… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Analysis of Driving Factors of Natural Gas Consumption in China: Based on Regional Integration and LMDI Method

    Huiwen Xu*, Zhen Wang

    Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1027-1043, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.015028

    Abstract In recent years, China has developed rapidly in terms of natural gas. Driven by regional economic integration, a regional natural gas market composed of neighboring provinces and cities has taken shape gradually, and it tends to grow toward the same direction in policy formulation, resource coordination, facility construction and market expansion. Based on the factors such as geographical location, economic conditions and natural gas consumption, this thesis tends to conduct a horizontal comparative analysis on the economic development conditions, natural gas consumption characteristics and natural gas pipeline network density of the three regions with obvious regional integration feature in China.… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    A Review of the Dynamic Modeling Approaches for Characterizing Fluid Flow in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

    M. N. Tarhuni*, W. R. Sulaiman, M. Z. Jaafar, M. Milad, A. M. Alghol

    Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 761-795, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.016645

    Abstract Fluid flow in fractured media has been studied for decades and received considerable attention in the oil and gas industry because of the high productivity of naturally fractured reservoirs. Due to formation complexity and reservoir heterogeneity, characterizing fluid flow with an appropriate reservoir model presents a challenging task that differs relatively from homogeneous conventional reservoirs in many aspects of view, including geological, petrophysical, production, and economics. In most fractured reservoirs, fracture networks create complex pathways that affect hydrocarbon flow, well performance, hence reservoir characterization. A better and comprehensive understanding of the available reservoir modeling approaches is much needed to accurately… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Advancements in the Development of Various Types of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Comparative Review

    Sandhia Bai1, A. K. Amirruddin1, A. K. Pandey2,*, M. Samykano1,*, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad3, Kamal Sharma4, V. V. Tyagi5

    Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 737-759, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.016157

    Abstract The global increase in energy demand has resulted in the depletion of non-renewable resources and caused environmental degradation. Consequently, emerging renewable technologies are a potential solution to fulfil energy demand and mitigate the effect of global warming. Low-cost solar energy harvesting technologies are most feasible technologies. Various solar cells technologies have been developed with improved overall performance and conversion efficiency. However, due to low cost and a wide range of applications, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been immensely focused on one of the most promising third-generation solar cells. The highest conversion efficiency of DSSC achieved after three decades of research… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Biochemical and Thermal Analysis of Spirulina Biomass through FTIR, TGA, CHN

    Ruma Arora Soni1,*, K. Sudhakar1,3,4,*, R. S. Rana2

    Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1045-1056, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.016082

    Abstract Spirulina is a sort of algae that grows in both fresh and seawater. It is considered the Earth’s most nutritionally dense food. Certain claims about Spirulina’s beneficial health properties are attributed to the relatively high protein content of the cells. Spirulina’s lipid, fatty acid profile, and biochemical composition have received little attention. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature and decomposition of spirulina biomass at various temperatures. In the present investigation, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis were used to study spirulina biomass biochemical characteristics. The optimal content of spirulina protein, lipid, and the… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Performance of Desiccant-Based Cooling Systems in Hot-Humid Climates: A Review

    Maatouk Khoukhi*, Omar Al Khatib

    Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 875-909, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.015835

    Abstract This paper reviews the principle and application of the thermally activated desiccant cooling systems with their capability to perform efficiently in hot-humid climates. The paper first introduces the continuous increase of thermal comfort required in building and their relation with the consumption of conventional energy sources. The importance of desiccant cooling technology and its applications has been introduced as well. The energy and environmental issues with the conventional energy supply and the demand with the environmental problems and conditions mainly related to indoor air quality have been also discussed in the second chapter of this paper. The third part of… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Uncertainties in the Mercury Mass Balance in a Coal-Based IGCC Power Plant (Puertollano, Spain)

    José María Esbrí*, Alba Martinez-Coronado, Sofía Rivera Jurado, Eva García-Noguero, Pablo Higueras

    Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1223-1235, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.015781

    Abstract Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that is subject to strict regulations to reduce anthropogenic emissions. The production of energy represents an important activity that leads to Hg emissions into the atmosphere. Of all the systems used, IGCC plants are the most promising for reducing Hg emissions, since it is possible to remove Hg from syngas prior to combustion. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the presence of Hg in the main streams of an experimental IGCC plant (ELCOGAS, Puertollano) in order to quantify Hg emissions and investigate the possibility of reducing them. The main streams of… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Assessment of the Rural Water Supply Potential by Mechanical Wind Pumping Around the Floodplains of Lake Chad

    Dieudonné Kaoga Kidmo1,*, Bachirou Bogno1,2,3, Kodji Deli1, Michel Aillerie2,3

    Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 931-945, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.015574

    Abstract In the present work, an assessment of the rural water supply potential by mechanical wind pumping around the floodplains of Lake Chad has been considered. Inside the floodplains around Lake Chad, available surface water is largely contaminated and represents health hazards to populations. Access to underground and clean water has increasingly become rare. Moreover, clean water scarcity has led to conflict and territorial pressures, which are contributing factors to poverty in the considered area. Four localities, Baga, Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi, respectively, in Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon and Niger have been selected inside the floodplains around Lake Chad, to evaluate the… More >

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