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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Process Characterization of the Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil to Biodiesel Using Design of Experiments and Infrared Spectroscopy

    Tobias Drieschner1,2,*, Andreas Kandelbauer1, Bernd Hitzmann2, Karsten Rebner1

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 1643-1660, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.024429

    Abstract For optimization of production processes and product quality, often knowledge of the factors influencing the process outcome is compulsory. Thus, process analytical technology (PAT) that allows deeper insight into the process and results in a mathematical description of the process behavior as a simple function based on the most important process factors can help to achieve higher production efficiency and quality. The present study aims at characterizing a well-known industrial process, the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for usage as biodiesel in a continuous micro reactor set-up. To this end, a… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Methyl Ester Type Produced by Catalytic Transesterification: From Various Oil Feedstock to Biodiesel Products

    Aman Santoso*, Sumari Sumari, Muhammad Roy Asrori

    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2255-2276, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021596

    Abstract Biodiesel research has been carried out via transesterification. However, biodiesel products (methyl esters) have not encountered new insights, because feedstocks have been explored and studied. Various optimum conditions on transesterification reaction could produce different methyl ester type with different compound. So, this review describes various oil feedstock that were to find new insights about methyl ester type. The review took the results of study that has been published with experience for 10 years. The results of the study reviewed on the transesterification method, characterization of methyl esters, and its components. The component reviewed and correlated to the literature, structure, and… More > Graphic Abstract

    Methyl Ester Type Produced by Catalytic Transesterification: From Various Oil Feedstock to Biodiesel Products

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Sono-Transesterification of Kapok Seed Oil with CaO:BaO-(x:y)/Active Natural Zeolite Catalyst

    Sumari Sumari*, Mega Murti, Aman Santoso, Muhammad Roy Asrori

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.12, pp. 3659-3670, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022995

    Abstract Kapok seed oil is an environmentally friendly biodiesel feedstock. The problem of the best catalyst for transesterification of Kapok seed oil still continues today. The research developed a base-heterogeneous catalyst with the effect of ultrasonic waves during transesterification. So, the study aims: (1) to determine the type of natural zeolite used, (2) to determine the characteristics of the synthesized CaO:BaO/ANZ catalyst, and (3) to determine the effectiveness of the CaO:BaO/ANZ catalyst in the biodiesel production process through sono-transesterification of kapok seed oil. The research stages consisted of: (1) activation of natural zeolite and its characterization, (2) preparation of CaO:BaO/ANZ catalyst,… More > Graphic Abstract

    Sono-Transesterification of Kapok Seed Oil with CaO:BaO-(x:y)/Active Natural Zeolite Catalyst

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Development of CaO From Natural Calcite as a Heterogeneous Base Catalyst in the Formation of Biodiesel: Review

    Nuni Widiarti1, Yatim Lailun Ni’mah1, Hasliza Bahruji2, Didik Prasetyoko1,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.7, No.10, pp. 915-939, 2019, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2019.07183

    Abstract Biodiesel is a fossil fuel that is in demand to be developed because it is bio-renewable, biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Biodiesel produced from the transesterification reaction of vege Tab. oil using a base catalyst. CaO is the most developed catalyst for the reaction of transesterification of oil into biodiesel because it is cheap, the process is easy and has a high level of alkalinity. CaO is a cheap catalyst because it is easily obtained from natural ingredients. The use of CaO catalysts in the reaction formation of biodiesel continues to develop through modification with various porous materials and different oxide… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Turning Industrial Waste into a Valuable Bioproduct: Starch from Mango Kernel Derivative to Oil Industry Mango Starch Derivative in Oil Industry

    Nívia do Nascimento Marques1, Caroline Suzy do Nascimento Garcia1, Liszt Yeltsin Coutinho Madruga1, Marcos Antônio Villetti2, Men de SáMoreira de Souza Filho3, Edson Noriyuki Ito4, Rosangela de Carvalho Balaban1,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.7, No.2, pp. 139-152, 2019, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2019.00040

    Abstract After industrial mango processing, tons of residues such as peels and kernels are discarded as waste. Nevertheless, almost 60% of the mango kernel is due to starch on a dry weight basis. Herein, starch from mango (Manguifera Indica L.) kernel was applied to obtain a starch fatty ester with vinyl laurate, in DMSO, under basic catalysis. FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR confirmed that a starch ester with a degree of modification of 2.6 was produced. TGA showed that the modified starch has higher thermal stability than its precursors and higher than a vinyl laurate/starch physical blend. SEM data showed that… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Chemical Modification of Cassava Starch by Transesterification Using Vegetable Oil/Aluminum Chloride

    A.G. Gouater Issola1, A. Ngueteu Kamlo2, A.M. Cheumani Yona1,*, M. Kor Ndikontar1

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.6, No.6, pp. 642-650, 2018, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2018.634108

    Abstract Chemical modification of cassava starch by transesterification of a vegetable oil (palm kernel oil) using aluminum chloride as a Lewis acid catalyst was achieved under relatively mild conditions (temperature 60–110 °C; atmospheric pressure). The reaction was carried out without any additional solvent. The modified starch was characterized by degree of substitution (DS), FTIR, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. DS of 0.09 to 0.53 were obtained. The cassava starch presented an X-ray diffraction pattern of a type A starch. X-ray analyses showed that the reaction did not significantly affect the crystallinity of starch. The modified starch films (MStF) adsorbed less water… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Sucrose and Fructooligosaccharides Esters as Bio-Plasticizers

    Dragomir Vassilev1*, Nadezhda Petkova2, Milena Koleva1, Panteley Denev2

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.4, No.1, pp. 24-30, 2016, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2015.634125

    Abstract This article presents the results obtained by the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of sucrose and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) esters with fatty acids (palmitic and 10-undecylenic), the identifi cation of the products and the study of their possible application as plasticizers in plastics processing. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) spectroscopy were used to identify the synthesized carbohydrate esters. The plasticizing effect of the sucrose palmitate applied in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was evaluated by the glass transition temperatures; the decrease of the Tg with the increase of the ester content could be accepted as confi rmation of… More >

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