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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A Novel Evidential Reasoning Rule with Causal Relationships between Evidence

    Shanshan Liu1, Liang Chang1,*, Guanyu Hu1,2, Shiyu Li1

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.1, pp. 1113-1134, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.067240 - 29 August 2025

    Abstract The evidential reasoning (ER) rule framework has been widely applied in multi-attribute decision analysis and system assessment to manage uncertainty. However, traditional ER implementations rely on two critical limitations: 1) unrealistic assumptions of complete evidence independence, and 2) a lack of mechanisms to differentiate causal relationships from spurious correlations. Existing similarity-based approaches often misinterpret interdependent evidence, leading to unreliable decision outcomes. To address these gaps, this study proposes a causality-enhanced ER rule (CER-e) framework with three key methodological innovations: 1) a multidimensional causal representation of evidence to capture dependency structures; 2) probabilistic quantification of causal… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A Pattern Classification Model for Vowel Data Using Fuzzy Nearest Neighbor

    Monika Khandelwal1, Ranjeet Kumar Rout1, Saiyed Umer2, Kshira Sagar Sahoo3, NZ Jhanjhi4,*, Mohammad Shorfuzzaman5, Mehedi Masud5

    Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.35, No.3, pp. 3587-3598, 2023, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2023.029785 - 17 August 2022

    Abstract Classification of the patterns is a crucial structure of research and applications. Using fuzzy set theory, classifying the patterns has become of great interest because of its ability to understand the parameters. One of the problems observed in the fuzzification of an unknown pattern is that importance is given only to the known patterns but not to their features. In contrast, features of the patterns play an essential role when their respective patterns overlap. In this paper, an optimal fuzzy nearest neighbor model has been introduced in which a fuzzification process has been carried out… More >

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