Kerlin P. Robert1, Jiaoyan Li2, James D. Lee1,*
Molecular & Cellular Biomechanics, Vol.16, Suppl.2, pp. 74-74, 2019, DOI:10.32604/mcb.2019.07125
Abstract This presentation focuses on the new and upcoming concept of 4D printing and its vast scope and importance in the research and development in industry. The 3D printing object is considered as a layered structure. Each layer may have different orientation. Therefore each layer may behave differently under the change of its environment. We formulate the theoretical shape changing process of 4D printing resulted from (I) the biological growth or swelling, (II) the change of temperature, and (III) the effect of electric field on piezoelectric material of the 3D printing product. Then we illustrate this More >
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