Heping Qi, Wenyao Sun^*, Yi Zhao, Xiaoyi Qian, Xingyu Jiang

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.069603 - 27 December 2025

Abstract Virtual power plant (VPP) integrates a variety of distributed renewable energy and energy storage to participate in electricity market transactions, promote the consumption of renewable energy, and improve economic efficiency. In this paper, aiming at the uncertainty of distributed wind power and photovoltaic output, considering the coupling relationship between power, carbon trading, and green card market, the optimal operation model and bidding scheme of VPP in spot market, carbon trading market, and green card market are established. On this basis, through the Shapley value and independent risk contribution theory in cooperative game theory, the quantitative… More > Graphic Abstract

Zhiyuan Zhang¹, Meng Shuai², Bin Wang¹, Ying He³, Fan Yang¹, Liyan Ren^4,*, Yuyuan Zhang⁴, Ziren Wang⁴

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4169-4194, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066793 - 30 September 2025

Abstract With the rapid development of renewable energy, the Microgrid Coalition (MGC) has become an important approach to improving energy utilization efficiency and economic performance. To address the operational optimization problem in multi-microgrid cooperation, a cooperative game strategy based on the Nash bargaining model is proposed, aiming to enable collaboration among microgrids to maximize overall benefits while considering energy trading and cost optimization. First, each microgrid is regarded as a game participant, and a multi-microgrid cooperative game model based on Nash bargaining theory is constructed, targeting the minimization of total operational cost under constraints such as More >

Yunfei Xu¹, Jianfeng Liu^1,*, Tianxing Sun¹, Heran Kang¹, Xiaoqing Hao²

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.8, pp. 3155-3176, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.065753 - 24 July 2025

Abstract In order to promote the utilization level of new energy resources for local and efficient consumption, this paper introduces the biogas (BG) fermentation technology into the integrated energy system (IES). This initiative is to study the collaborative and optimal scheduling of IES with wind power (WP), photovoltaic (PV), and BG, while integrating carbon capture system (CCS) and power-to-gas (P2G) system. Firstly, the framework of collaborative operation of IES for BG-CCS-P2G is constructed. Secondly, the flexible scheduling resources of the source and load sides are fully exploited, and the collaborative operation mode of CCS-P2G is proposed… More >

Cuiping Li¹, Jiacheng Sun¹, Qiang Li², Qi Guo², Junhui Li^1,*, Shuo Yu², Jingbo Wang², Wenze Li²

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.8, pp. 3055-3077, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.064440 - 24 July 2025

Abstract The penetration rate of new wind and photovoltaic energy in the power system has increased significantly, and the dramatic fluctuation of the net load of the grid has led to a severe lack of flexibility in the regional grid. This paper proposes a hierarchical optimal dispatch strategy for a high proportion of new energy power systems that considers the balanced response of grid flexibility. Firstly, various flexibility resource regulation capabilities on the source-load side are analyzed, and then flexibility demand and flexibility response are matched, and flexibility demand response assessment is proposed; then, a hierarchical… More >

Zhaoyu Zeng¹, Fuyin Ni^1,2,*

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.3, pp. 1153-1174, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.059568 - 07 March 2025

Abstract Energy storage power plants are critical in balancing power supply and demand. However, the scheduling of these plants faces significant challenges, including high network transmission costs and inefficient inter-device energy utilization. To tackle these challenges, this study proposes an optimal scheduling model for energy storage power plants based on edge computing and the improved whale optimization algorithm (IWOA). The proposed model designs an edge computing framework, transferring a large share of data processing and storage tasks to the network edge. This architecture effectively reduces transmission costs by minimizing data travel time. In addition, the model… More >

Guoqing Li, Jianing Li, Kefei Yan, Jing Bian^*

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.3, pp. 1113-1136, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.059558 - 07 March 2025

Abstract A centralized-distributed scheduling strategy for distribution networks based on multi-temporal and hierarchical cooperative game is proposed to address the issues of difficult operation control and energy optimization interaction in distribution network transformer areas, as well as the problem of significant photovoltaic curtailment due to the inability to consume photovoltaic power locally. A scheduling architecture combining multi-temporal scales with a three-level decision-making hierarchy is established: the overall approach adopts a centralized-distributed method, analyzing the operational characteristics and interaction relationships of the distribution network center layer, cluster layer, and transformer area layer, providing a “spatial foundation” for… More >

Xin Zhang^*, Mingming Yao, Daiwen He, Jihong Zhang, Peihong Yang, Xiaoming Zhang

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.1, pp. 349-378, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.057676 - 27 December 2024

Abstract In this paper, a bilevel optimization model of an integrated energy operator (IEO)–load aggregator (LA) is constructed to address the coordinate optimization challenge of multiple stakeholder island integrated energy system (IIES). The upper level represents the integrated energy operator, and the lower level is the electricity-heat-gas load aggregator. Owing to the benefit conflict between the upper and lower levels of the IIES, a dynamic pricing mechanism for coordinating the interests of the upper and lower levels is proposed, combined with factors such as the carbon emissions of the IIES, as well as the lower load… More > Graphic Abstract

Suliang Ma¹, Zeqing Meng¹, Mingxuan Chen^2,*, Yuan Jiang³

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.1, pp. 63-84, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.057216 - 27 December 2024

Abstract In the independent electro-hydrogen system (IEHS) with hybrid energy storage (HESS), achieving optimal scheduling is crucial. Still, it presents a challenge due to the significant deviations in values of multiple optimization objective functions caused by their physical dimensions. These deviations seriously affect the scheduling process. A novel standardization fusion method has been established to address this issue by analyzing the variation process of each objective function’s values. The optimal scheduling results of IEHS with HESS indicate that the economy and overall energy loss can be improved 2–3 times under different optimization methods. The proposed method More > Graphic Abstract

Jingjing Bai¹, Yunpeng Cheng¹, Shenyun Yao^2,*, Fan Wu¹, Cheng Chen¹

Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.11, pp. 3381-3400, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.053683 - 21 October 2024

Abstract To mitigate the impact of wind power volatility on power system scheduling, this paper adopts the wind-storage combined unit to improve the dispatchability of wind energy. And a three-level optimal scheduling and power allocation strategy is proposed for the system containing the wind-storage combined unit. The strategy takes smoothing power output as the main objectives. The first level is the wind-storage joint scheduling, and the second and third levels carry out the unit combination optimization of thermal power and the power allocation of wind power cluster (WPC), respectively, according to the scheduling power of WPC and… More >

Xinglong Chen, Ximin Cao^*, Qifan Huang, He Huang

Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.11, pp. 3437-3460, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.053464 - 21 October 2024

Abstract To better reduce the carbon emissions of a park-integrated energy system (PIES), optimize the comprehensive operating cost, and smooth the load curve, a source-load flexible response model based on the comprehensive evaluation index is proposed. Firstly, a source-load flexible response model is proposed under the stepped carbon trading mechanism; the organic Rankine cycle is introduced into the source-side to construct a flexible response model with traditional combined heat and power (CHP) unit and electric boiler to realize the flexible response of CHP to load; and the load-side categorizes loads into transferable, interruptible, and substitutable loads… More >