Xin Zhang^*, Mingming Yao, Daiwen He, Jihong Zhang, Peihong Yang, Xiaoming Zhang

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.1, pp. 349-378, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.057676 - 27 December 2024

Abstract In this paper, a bilevel optimization model of an integrated energy operator (IEO)–load aggregator (LA) is constructed to address the coordinate optimization challenge of multiple stakeholder island integrated energy system (IIES). The upper level represents the integrated energy operator, and the lower level is the electricity-heat-gas load aggregator. Owing to the benefit conflict between the upper and lower levels of the IIES, a dynamic pricing mechanism for coordinating the interests of the upper and lower levels is proposed, combined with factors such as the carbon emissions of the IIES, as well as the lower load… More > Graphic Abstract

Jiacheng Yang¹, Xiaohe Zhai¹, Zhongfu Tan^1,2,*, Zhenghao He¹

Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.3, pp. 883-906, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.018033 - 31 March 2022

Abstract There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market, which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent users. In order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk, scholars have proposed many solutions, such as improving the declaration decision-making model, signing power mutual insurance contracts, and adding energy storage and mobilizing demand-side resources to respond. In terms of demand side, calling flexible demand-side resources can be considered as a key solution. The user's power consumption rights (PCRs) are core contents of the demand-side resources. However, there have been… More >