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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    The Influence of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Lignin Fiber-Reinforced Loess

    Zhongnan Gao1,2,#, Xiumei Zhong1,2,#, Qian Wang1,2,*, Yongqi Su3, Jun Wang1,2

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.4, pp. 1063-1080, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.017374

    Abstract In the seasonal permafrost region with loess distribution, the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the engineering performance of reinforced loess must be paid attention to. Many studies have shown that the use of fiber materials can improve the engineering performance of soil and its ability to resist freeze-thaw cycles. At the same time, as eco-environmental protection has become the focus, which has been paid more and more attention to, it has become a trend to find new environmentally friendly improved materials that can replace traditional chemical additives. The purpose of this paper uses new environmental-friendly improved materials to reinforce the… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Synthesis of Lignin-Based Polyacid in an Acidic Ionic Liquid: A Green Method to Improve the Performance of Lignin as Catalyst in Urea-Formaldehyde Resin

    Hamed Younesi-Kordkheili1,*, Antonio Pizzi2

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.2, pp. 237-246, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.017851

    Abstract The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of ionic liquid treated lignin-based polyacid as a catalyst for urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins. Esterification of lignin was carried out, without any catalyst, with anhydride maleic and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [Bmim][HSO4] as acidic ionic liquid to form maleated lignin-based polyacids (MA-IL). The performance of MA-IL as UF resin catalyst was respectively compared to hyroxymethylated lignin-based polyacid (MA-HL) and to NH4Cl. The FTIR analysis indicated that the proportion of -COOH and C-O bonds increased due to the esterification of lignin with ionic liquid rather than its hyroxymethylation. Physicochemical tests indicated that the… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Study on Preparation of Lignin-Containing Nanocellulose from Bamboo Parenchyma

    Wenli Gu1, Shiyi Zeng1, Assima Dauletbek2, Bin Xu1,3,*, Xinzhou Wang1, Man Yuan1, Yanni Gu1

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.2, pp. 385-399, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.016457

    Abstract Bamboo vascular bundle fiber and parenchyma (BP) are separated by high-temperature treatment with saturated steam. Bamboo vascular bundle fiber is widely used in the market, but how to develop and utilize parenchyma tissue is a difficult problem. The sulfated cellulose nanofibers (ANFs) were obtained by sulfating BP with a deep eutectic solvent (DES), which provided a theoretical basis for the value-added utilization of BP. Using DES as the reaction medium and reagent, the BP was grafted with a sulfonic acid group to form a gel substance in water, ANFs and nanocellulose gel were obtained by ultrasonic cell crusher. The highest… More > Graphic Abstract

    Study on Preparation of Lignin-Containing Nanocellulose from Bamboo Parenchyma

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Chemically Modified Lignin: Correlation between Structure and Biodegradability

    Meifeng Wang1,2, Wubliker Dessie2, Hui Li1,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.12, pp. 2119-2128, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016811

    Abstract Lignin is the most abundant heteropolymer based on aromatic subunits in nature. Large quantities of lignin are annually produced from pulping processes and biorefinery industries. Its unclearly defined structure and difficult biodegradation mainly limit its utilization. This work focused on the effect of hydroxylation of lignin on its microbial degradation. Butyloxy carbonyl-modified lignin, and hydroxylated-lignin were synthesized with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, using lignin as raw material. The degradation of the modifiedlignins both by P. chrysosporium and B. subtilis were analyzed using UV-vis spectroscopy. Results revealed that the lignin degradation velocity raises with the increase hydroxylation level of… More > Graphic Abstract

    Chemically Modified Lignin: Correlation between Structure and Biodegradability

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Preparation and Properties of Bio-Based Flame Retardant L-APP/Poly(L-lactic acid) Composites

    Qionglin Luo1, Mingliang Wang2, Hui Zhang1, Yuejun Ouyang1, Hongwei Lin1, You Shu1,*, Shengpei Su1,2,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.12, pp. 2067-2076, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016255

    Abstract Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) is a thermoplastic material with complete degradability, high biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties. It can replace petroleum-based polymers are currently being used in the fields of packaging, agriculture, textiles, medical and so on. However, PLLA’s extremely flammability greatly limits its wider application. An bio-based flame retardant L-APP/PLLA composites was prepared by melt blending of the L-APP and PLLA. The morphology, impact properties, thermal properties and flame retardant properties of composites were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), impact tester, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), limiting oxygen indexer (LOI) and horizontalvertical burning tester. The… More > Graphic Abstract

    Preparation and Properties of Bio-Based Flame Retardant L-APP/Poly(L-lactic acid) Composites

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Plasma Treatment Induced Chemical Changes of Alkali Lignin to Enhance the Performances of Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive

    Zhigang Wu1,#, Sicheng Chen1,#, Jiankun Liang2, Lifen Li1, Xuedong Xi3,4, Xue Deng1, Bengang Zhang3,*, Hong Lei4,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.11, pp. 1959-1972, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016786

    Abstract Alkali lignin was processed by plasma and then used in modification of phenol formaldehyde resin in this study. Chemical structural changes of lignin which was processed by plasma as well as bonding strength, tensile property, curing performance and thermal property of the prepared phenol formaldehyde resin which was modified by the plasma processed lignin were analyzed. Results demonstrated that: (1) Alkali lignin was degraded after the plasma processing. The original groups were destroyed, and the aromatic rings collected abundant free radicals and oxygen-containing functional groups like hydroxyls, carbonyls, carboxyls and acyls were introduced into increase the reaction activity of lignin… More > Graphic Abstract

    Plasma Treatment Induced Chemical Changes of Alkali Lignin to Enhance the Performances of Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Alcoholysis of Waste Polyurethane Rigid Foam and Its Modification with Lignin for Recovery

    Xiaohua Gu1,*, Shiwei Lyu1, Siwen Liu2

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.11, pp. 1913-1926, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.015400

    Abstract A bi-component alcoholysis agent containing propylene glycol (PG) and ethanolamine (ETA) was used to catalyst the degradation of the waste polyurethane rigid foam. The oligomer polyols obtained through degradation were used as raw materials to produce recycled polyurethane rigid foam composites with lignin as reinforcing filler. The effect of alcoholysis mass ratio on degradation was investigated by analyzing the viscosity, hydroxyl content and chemical structure of the degradation products. The effect of lignin addition on the properties of regenerated polyurethane rigid foam were investigated by analyzing water absorption rate, compressive strength, porosity, thermal stability, thermal conductivity coefficient, morphology and thermal… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Preparation and Properties of Bio-Based Flame Retardant Polyvinyl Alcohol

    You Shu1,2, Qionglin Luo2, Hongwei Lin2,*, Yuejun Ouyang2, Xiaomin Zhang1,2, Liping Sheng1, Shengpei Su1,2,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.5, pp. 909-921, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.014216

    Abstract Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been widely used in the fields of medical, food and packaging due to its excellent biocompatibility, good fiber-forming and film-forming properties. However, the high flammability of PVA has greatly limited its wider applications. The flame-retardant PVA was prepared by melt blending of a bio-based flame retardant (prepared from lignin, phosphoric acid and carbamide) with thermoplastic PVA (TPVA). The chemical structure, morphology, thermal properties, mechanical properties, fire property and fluidity of this flame retardant PVA were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope(SEM), thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA), impact tester, universal testing machine, horizontal-vertical burning tester,… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Synthetic Process of Bio-Based Phenol Formaldehyde Adhesive Derived from Demethylated Wheat Straw Alkali Lignin and Its Curing Behavior

    Yan Song1,2, Zhixin Wang3, Xin Zhang4, Rong Zhang1, Jinchun Li1,2,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.5, pp. 943-957, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.014131

    Abstract Lignin is a natural biopolymer with a complex three-dimensional network, commercially obtained from waste liquid of paper pulp and bioethanol production, and could be a candidate for preparation of environment-friendly bio-based polyphenol material. In the present work, the demethylated wheat straw alkali lignin (D-Lig), prepared by demethylation of wheat straw alkali lignin (Lig) using an in-situ generated Lewis acid, was used to synthesize bio-based phenol formaldehyde resin adhesive (D-LPF) applied in plywood. Effects of synthetic process’s factors, including lignin substitution for phenol, NaOH concentration and molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol, on the bonding strength and free formaldehyde content of… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Organosolv Lignin for Non-Isocyanate Based Polyurethanes (NIPU) as Wood Adhesive

    Jaša Saražin1, Antonio Pizzi2, Siham Amirou2, Detlef Schmiedl3, Milan Šernek1,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.5, pp. 881-907, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.015047

    Abstract A non-isocyanate-based polyurethane (NIPU) wood adhesive was produced from organosolv lignin, which is a bio-sourced raw material, available in large quantities and produced as a by-product of the paper industry. The formulation of this new lignin-based NIPU adhesive, which is presented, was chemically characterised by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI ToF) mass spectrometry and by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometry analyses. The oligomers formed were determined and showed that the three species involved in the NIPU adhesive preparation were formed by the co-reaction of the three reagents used: lignin, dimethyl carbonate, and hexamethylene diamine. Linear and branched… More >

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