Xiaodong Zhang¹, Wenhan Hou^2,*, Juanjuan Wang³, Leixiao Li¹, Pengfei Yue¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.2, pp. 1-20, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.072384 - 09 December 2025

Abstract Blockchain offers a promising solution to the security challenges faced by the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). However, due to the dynamic connectivity of IoV, blockchain based on a single-chain structure or Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure often suffer from performance limitations. The DAG lattice structure is a novel blockchain model in which each node maintains its own account chain, and only the node itself is allowed to update it. This feature makes the DAG lattice structure particularly suitable for addressing the challenges in dynamically connected IoV environment. In this paper, we propose a blockchain architecture… More >

Raghavendra Kulkarni¹, Venkata Satya Suresh kumar Kondeti¹, Binu Sudhakaran Pillai², Surendran Rajendran^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.1, pp. 1-23, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.069835 - 10 November 2025

Abstract The next-generation RAN, known as Open Radio Access Network (ORAN), allows for several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, network flexibility, and interoperability. Now ORAN applications, utilising machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, have become standard practice. The need for Federated Learning (FL) for ML model training in ORAN environments is heightened by the modularised structure of the ORAN architecture and the shortcomings of conventional ML techniques. However, the traditional plaintext model update sharing of FL in multi-BS contexts is susceptible to privacy violations such as deep-leakage gradient assaults and inference. Therefore, this research presents a… More >

Xiaoyan Zhuo¹, Yukun Ji¹, Yatao Ren^1,*, Xuehui Wang², Hong Qi¹

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.6, pp. 1701-1720, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.074045 - 31 December 2025

Abstract Flow and heat transfer characteristics during droplet impact on hot walls are pivotal for elucidating the mechanisms of spray cooling and exploring pathways for heat transfer enhancement. When the wall temperature exceeds the Leidenfrost point, a vapor film forms between the droplet and the wall, rendering the heat transfer process highly complex. Furthermore, for droplet impact on curved walls, the presence of curvature introduces additional factors that modify the spreading behavior of the droplet and necessitate in-depth analysis. Therefore, this work investigates the flow and heat transfer dynamics of droplet impact on hot planes and… More >

Zhenzhen Shen^1,2, Kang Yang², Dengfeng Wei², Quansheng Liang², Zhenpeng Ma², Hong Wang², Keyu Wang², Chunwei Zhang², Xiaohu Yang^3,*

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.21, No.11, pp. 2741-2760, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2025.070395 - 01 December 2025

Abstract The rapid prediction of seepage mass flow in soil is essential for understanding fluid transport in porous media. This study proposes a new method for fast prediction of soil seepage mass flow by combining mesoscopic modeling with deep learning. Porous media structures were generated using the Quartet Structure Generation Set (QSGS) method, and a mesoscopic-scale seepage calculation model was applied to compute flow rates. These results were then used to train a deep learning model for rapid prediction. The analysis shows that larger average pore diameters lead to higher internal flow velocities and mass flow More >

Heping Wang^1,*, Ying Lu¹, Yanggui Li²

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.145, No.1, pp. 391-410, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.069763 - 30 October 2025

Abstract With oily wastewater treatment emerging as a critical global issue, porous media and shear forces have received significant attention as environmentally friendly methods for oil–water separation. This study systematically simulates the dynamics of oil-in-water emulsion demulsification under porous media and shear forces using a color-gradient Lattice Boltzmann model. The morphological evolution and demulsification efficiency of emulsions are governed by porous media and shear forces. The effects of porosity and shear velocity on demulsification are quantitatively analyzed. (1) The presence of porous media enhances the ability of the flow field to trap oil droplets, with lower More >

Xinwei Li^*

The International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences, Vol.33, No.4, pp. 1-2, 2025, DOI:10.32604/icces.2025.010448

Abstract Advances in 3D printing have unlocked new opportunities for developing lattice structures tailored for enhanced sound absorption. This work explores methods to maximize sound absorption in microlattice designs by introducing heterogeneity, leveraging dual dissipation mechanisms, and reshaping cavity wall geometries. We present a multilayered Helmholtz resonance (MLHR) analytical model to predict and guide the design of broadband sound-absorbing lattices [1]. Through structural optimization, we demonstrate that heterogeneous microlattices with varying pore and cavity morphologies achieve broadband absorption [2–4], with experimentally validated absorption coefficients exceeding 0.75 across a wide frequency range from 1000 to 6300 Hz.
Beyond… More >

Jingwen Wang, Ming Xu, Deming Nie^*

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.21, No.9, pp. 2225-2251, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2025.068327 - 30 September 2025

Abstract This study employs the fluctuating-lattice Boltzmann method to investigate temperature-gradient-driven aggregation of microswimmers, specifically, pulling-type (pullers) and pushing-type (pushers), within a fluid confined by two channel walls. The analysis incorporates the Brownian motion of both swimmer types and introduces key dimensionless parameters, including the swimming Reynolds, Prandtl, and Lewis numbers, to characterize the influences of self-propulsion strength, thermal diffusivity, and Brownian diffusivity on aggregation efficiency and behavior. Our findings reveal that pushers tend to aggregate either along the channel centerline or near the channel walls under conditions of thermal gradients imposed by heated or cooled More >

Zenan Lai, Deming Nie^*

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.21, No.9, pp. 2131-2148, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2025.068091 - 30 September 2025

Abstract The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is employed to simulate flow around two staggered cylinders within a confined channel. The numerical model is validated against existing experimental data by comparing drag coefficients and Strouhal numbers in the single-cylinder configuration. The study systematically investigates the influence of vertical () and horizontal () spacing between the cylinders, as well as the Reynolds number ( = 0.1–160), on the hydrodynamic forces, streamline patterns, and vortex dynamics. Results indicate that reducing the horizontal spacing  suppresses flow separation behind the upstream cylinder, while either excessively small or large vertical spacing  diminishes separation… More >

Minjie Shao, Tielin Shi, Qi Xia^*, Shiyuan Liu^*

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.144, No.3, pp. 2685-2703, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.068078 - 30 September 2025

Abstract A data-driven model of multiple variable cutting (M-VCUT) level set-based substructure is proposed for the topology optimization of lattice structures. The M-VCUT level set method is used to represent substructures, enriching their diversity of configuration while ensuring connectivity. To construct the data-driven model of substructure, a database is prepared by sampling the space of substructures spanned by several substructure prototypes. Then, for each substructure in this database, the stiffness matrix is condensed so that its degrees of freedom are reduced. Thereafter, the data-driven model of substructures is constructed through interpolation with compactly supported radial basis More >

Xinlong Wang¹, Xiaohang Qu¹, Chuandong Lin^2,*

The International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 1-1, 2025, DOI:10.32604/icces.2025.011311

Abstract The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been extensively utilized in various fields, including the droplet dynamics [1–4]. At present, significant challenges persist in accurately resolving interfacial dynamics during droplet collisions—including deformation [5], breakup process [6] and capturing microscale details [7] of contact line motion during droplet-wall interactions. In this work, the non-orthogonal multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method is used to study droplets impacting superhydrophobic walls with different characteristic of surface protrusion. The horizontal displacement, maximum spreading length, and the contact time are probed in the process of droplet collisions under various conditions of Weber More >