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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Flexible Biofoams Based on Furanics and Fatty Acids Esterified Tannin

    Elham Azadeh1, Ummi Hani Abdullah2,3, Christine Gerardin1,*, Antonio Pizzi1,*, Philippe Gerardin1, Cesar Segovia4

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.10, pp. 3625-3645, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.030373

    Abstract Water repellant, flexible biofoams using tannin esterified with various fatty acid chains, namely lauric, palmitic and oleic acids, by reaction with lauryl chloride, palmitoyl chloride, and oleyl chloride were developed and their characteristics compared with the equivalently esterified rigid biofoams. Glycerol, while initially added to control the reaction temperature, was used as a plasticizer yielding flexible biofoams presenting the same water repellant character that the equivalent rigid foams. Acetaldehyde was used as the cross-linking agent instead of formaldehyde, as it showed a better performance with the esterified tannin. The compression results showed a significant decrease of the Modulus of Elasticity… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    INTEGRATED MICRO X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY AND PORE-SCALE SIMULATIONS FOR ACCURATE PERMEABILITY PREDICTIONS OF POROUS MEDIA

    Fangzhou Wanga,* , Gennifer A. Rileyb, Munonyedi Egboc, Melanie M. Derbyb, Gisuk Hwangc, Xianglin Lia,†

    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.15, pp. 1-8, 2020, DOI:10.5098/hmt.15.1

    Abstract This study conducts pore-scale simulations and experiments to estimate the permeability of two different types of porous materials: metal foams and sintered copper particles with porosities of approximately 0.9 and 0.4, respectively. The integration of micro X-ray computed tomography with pore-scale computational fluid dynamics simulations develops a unique tool to capture the pore-scale geometry of porous media and accurately predict non-isotropic permeability of porous media. The pore-scale simulation not only results in improved prediction accuracy but also has the capability to capture non-isotropic properties of heterogeneous materials, which is a huge challenge for empirical correlations, volume averaged simulations, and simulations… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Hydrolysable Chestnut Tannin Extract Chemical Complexity in Its Reactions for Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes (NIPU) Foams

    Elham Azadeh1, Antonio Pizzi1,2,*, Christine Gerardin-Charbonnier1,*, Philippe Gerardin1

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2823-2848, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027651

    Abstract Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) foams from a commercial hydrolysable tannin extract, chestnut wood tannin extract, have been prepared to determine what chemical species and products are taking part in the reactions involved. This method is based on two main steps: the reaction with dimethyl carbonate and the formation of urethane bonds by further reaction of the carbonated tannin with a diamine-like hexamethylene diamine. The hydroxyl groups on the tannin polyphenols and on the carbohydrates intimately linked with it and part of a hydrolysable tannin are the groups involved in these reactions. The carbohydrate skeleton of the hydrolysable tannin is also able… More > Graphic Abstract

    Hydrolysable Chestnut Tannin Extract Chemical Complexity in Its  Reactions for Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes (NIPU) Foams

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    CO2-Responsive Smart Foams Stabilized by an Extremely Rigid Bio-Based Surfactant

    Weishan Tang, Xin Feng, Caiyun Lin, Xiaoping Rao*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 523-538, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022809

    Abstract Environment friendly and intelligent surfactants have attracted great attention in recent years. A bio-based CO2 responsive surfactant rosin acid dimaleimide choline (R-BMI-C) with an extremely rigid skeleton was prepared using rosin and choline as raw materials by Diels-Alder addition reaction and acid-base neutralization reactions. Its structure was confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectra. The foams’ properties of R-BMI-C could be adjusted by bubbling CO2/N2 to change the structure of the surfactant. At pH 10.4, R-BMI-C forms an unstable foam with a half-life of 1.5 h. When the pH was reduced to 7.4 by bubbling CO2, R-BMI-C forms an extremely… More > Graphic Abstract

    CO<sub>2</sub>-Responsive Smart Foams Stabilized by an Extremely Rigid Bio-Based Surfactant

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Advances of Polyurethane Foams Derived from Lignin

    Hyoe Hatakeyama1,*, Tatsuko Hatakeyama2

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.1, No.2, pp. 113-123, 2013, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2012.634111

    Abstract Lignin and saccharides are two major components of plants. Huge amounts of plant residues are obtained as by-products of large-scale industries, such as pulp and paper, bio-fuel and the food industry. In this paper, preparation of polyurethane (PU) foam directly from various kinds of industrial lignin and molasses, which have scarcely been utilized, is summarized based on our results obtained by recent investigation. A onestep reaction using hydroxyl groups of plant materials as an active site makes it possible to produce a wide variety of PU, such as foams, sheets, gels and composite matrix. In this paper, PU foams receive… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Dynamic Foaming Behaviour of Polyurethane vs Tannin/ Furanic Foams

    M.C. Basso1,2, A. Pizzi1,3,*, A. Celzard4

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.1, No.4, pp. 273-278, 2013, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2013.634125

    Abstract : Simultaneously monitoring the variation of temperature, foam rising rate, internal foam pressure and dielectric polarisation, the latter being a direct measure of setting and curing of a thermosetting foam, has allowed the comparison of the dynamic variation of determinant parameters of polyurethane foams and of tannin/furanic foams of different formulation and characteristics. This monitoring provides a good description of the process and possible characteristics of the prepared foam and constitutes an invaluable tool for foam formulation. Such a comparison indicates that fundamental differences, but also similarities, exist between the foaming processes of the two classes of foam. The dynamics… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A SEM Record of Proteins-Derived Microcellular Silicon Carbide Foams

    A. Pizzi1,2,*, C. Zollfrank3, X. Li1, M. Cangemi1, A. Celzard4

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.2, No.3, pp. 230-234, 2014, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2014.634114

    Abstract Protein rigid foams based on albumin coreacted with camphor and an aldehyde were converted into silicon carbide (SiC) foams. This was carried out by putting albumin-derived template foams in contact with silicon compounds in liquid phase and calcinating the mix obtained at a relatively low temperature of 500°C to eliminate the protein and leave the SiC foam. The transformation was followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) from the natural albumin foams to the gel obtained by infi ltrating them with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and to the appearance of the SiC foams after calcination. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra were… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Development and Characterisation of Phenolic Foams with Phenol-Formaldehyde-Chestnut Tannins Resin

    M.C. Lagel1, A. Pizzi1,2, S. Giovando3, A. Celzard4

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.2, No.3, pp. 220-229, 2014, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2014.634113

    Abstract With the depletion of fossil resources, tannin extracts can be a natural alternative to some synthetic products. Hydrolysable chestnut tannin extracts have been used to partially replace phenol in PF resins for phenolic rigid foams. Phenol-formaldehyde-chestnut tannin (PFT) phenolic foams were initially made from copolymerized PFT resins of different molar ratio. The PFT foams so prepared were tested for thermal conductivity, these being slightly worse than that of pure PF foams; and for mechanical and water absorption, these two properties being better than those of pure PF foams. Indeed, PF resins represent an important part of synthetic resins. They are… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Characterization and Preparation of Wood-Furanic Foams

    V. K. Srivastava1, A. Pizzi2,3,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.2, No.3, pp. 201-206, 2014, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2014.634107

    Abstract Fine wood powder/furanic foams were prepared with a strong predominance of the wood component. Low weight and density are important properties of foamed composites. Focusing on preparing light materials, wood foam composites were made using a chemical foaming method and expanded using diethyl ether as the foaming agent. The additives were added to note their effect on the density and mechanical properties, like impact strength and Young’s moduli, of the expanded composites. Various tests and scanning electron microscopy analysis were also performed. The foaming agent resulted in closed cells with varied sizes and more or less regular shapes, and with… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Alkaline Tannin Rigid Foams

    M.C. Basso1,2, S. Giovando3, A. Pizzi2,4,*, M.C. Lagel2,3, A. Celzard5

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.2, No.3, pp. 182-185, 2014, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2013.634137

    Abstract Condensed fl avonoid tannin foams were obtained under alkaline conditions. This entailed the elimination of furfuryl alcohol from these formulations, as under alkaline conditions, foam preparation could not rely on the heat generated by the self-condensation of furfuryl alcohol, which occurs only under strongly acidic conditions. The approach used to formulate the alkaline foam was: (i) the total elimination of furfuryl alcohol from the formulation, (ii) coupled with the use of an aldehyde hardener different from formaldehyde (for environmental reasons) and (iii) the application of moderate heat to allow foaming. These were not tannin/ furanic foams as their acid-curing counterparts,… More >

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