Xiaoqian Bi¹, Pengfei Guan¹, Ping Li^2,*, Yuan Zhang¹, Xingong Li¹, Yingfeng Zuo^1,*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.5, pp. 2399-2415, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.026656

Abstract Sodium silicate modification can improve the overall performance of wood. The modification process has a great influence on the properties of modified wood. In this study, a new method was introduced to analyze the wood modification process, and the properties of modified wood were studied. Poplar wood was modified with sodium silicate by vacuum-pressure impregnation. After screening using single-factor experiments, an orthogonal experiment was carried out with solution concentration, impregnation time, impregnation pressure, and the cycle times as experimental factors. The modified poplar with the best properties was selected by fuzzy mathematics and characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XRD and TG.… More > Graphic Abstract

Xin Wang^*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 1627-1629, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027379

Abstract This article has no abstract. More >

Hongying Chu^1,2,*, Huabei Li^1,2, Xiaoyan Sun¹, Yaowang Zhang^1,2

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 1731-1743, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.024160

Abstract The application of phthalate plasticizers has been restricted around the world due to their poor migration and potential harm to the human body. Hence, producing functional bio-based plasticizers via exploiting clean and reusable resources meets the satisfaction of current demands. In this study, flame-retardant rubber seed oil-based plasticize (FRP) was prepared via epoxidation reaction and ring opening addition reactions, which was used as a flame-resistant plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride to replace petroleum-based phthalate plasticizer. When DOP was replaced with FRP, the torque of PVC blends increased from 11.4 to 18.4 N⋅m, the LOI value increased from 24.3% for PVC-FRP-0% to 33.1%… More > Graphic Abstract

Ping Zhang, Siyu Gan, Lin Chen^*, Hao Chen, Chunhui Jia, Yingke Fu, Ying Xiong^*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.11, pp. 2937-2947, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019590

Abstract Nano filler synergistic intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system is an effective way to improve the flame retardant properties of polymer. In this study, the effects of montmorillonite (MMT) on the flame retardant properties of polylactic acid/layered double hydroxides (PLA/LDH) and PLA/IFR/LDH were investigated. The results show that both LDH and LDH/IFR can reduce the peak heat release rate (HRR) of PLA and prolong the combustion time of PLA; When a proportionate MMT is introduced into PLA/LDH and PLA/IFR/LDH systems, respectively, MMT will not only affect the degradation process of PLA composites during combustion, but also the PLA composites can form… More >

Meixian Li¹, Xin Hu¹, Jie Yang¹, Hongyu Yang^1,3,*, Yao Yuan^2,*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.10, pp. 2639-2654, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019491

Abstract In this work, a bio-based flame retardant (Cy-HEDP) was synthesized from cytosine and HEDP through a facile salt-forming reaction and embedded into epoxy matrix to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance. The product Cy-HEDP was well characterized by FTIR, ¹ H and ³¹P NMR and SEM tests. On the basis of the results, by adding 15 wt% Cy-HEDP, the EP₁₅ can pass UL-94 V-0 rating, and the total smoke production (TSP) as well as total heat release (THR) can be decreased by 61.05% (from 22.61 to 8.7 m² /m² ) and 39.44% (from 103.19 to 62.50 MJ/m² )… More > Graphic Abstract

Xianling Fu^#, Hongliang Ding^#, Xin Wang^*, Lei Song, Yuan Hu^*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.9, pp. 2303-2317, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.020759

Abstract Although epoxy resin has been widely used in various fields, it still suffers from some problems including brittleness and flammability. In this study, a new phosphonic acid, N, N-bis(phosphomethyl) glycine (GDMP), was prepared by Mannich reaction with bio-based glycine and then a novel layered zirconium phosphonate (ZrGDMP) was synthesized using GDMP and zirconyl chloride hydrate as reactants. The chemical structure of ZrGDMP was well characterized by ¹H and ³¹P NMR, SEM, XRD and XPS. The effect of ZrGDMP on the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, strengthening and toughening performances of the epoxy matrix was investigated and evaluated. TGA results indicated that… More > Graphic Abstract

Lara Greiner^1,*, Philipp Kukla², Sebastian Eibl¹, Manfred Döring³

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.7, pp. 1931-1950, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019548

Abstract A novel, versatile flame retardant substructure based on phosphorylated salicylic acid (SCP) is described and used in the synthesis of new flame retardants for HexFlow^® RTM6, a high-performance epoxy resin used in resin transfer molding processes as composite matrix. The starting material salicylic acid can be obtained from natural sources. SCP as reactive phosphorus chloride is converted with a novolak, a novolak containing 9, 10-dihydro-9- oxa-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) substituents or DOPO-hydroquinone to flame retardants with sufficient thermal stability and high char yield. Additionally, these flame retardants are soluble in the resin as well as react into the epoxy network. The determined… More >

Daqin Zhang^1,2, Chufeng Yang³, Huayang Ran^1,2, Juanli Wang^1,2,*, Jintao Wan^1,2,*, Yuhu Li^1,2, Pujun Jin^1,2, Daodao Hu^1,2

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.7, pp. 1797-1811, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018754

Abstract The development of efficient green flame retardants is an important way to realize more sustainable epoxy thermosets and downstream materials. In this work, a monoepoxide is synthesized through O-glycidylation of eugenol, and then reacted with DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphophenanthrene-10-oxide) to obtain a new bio-based flame retardant, DOPO-GE. DOPO-GE is blended with a bisphenol A epoxy prepolymer exhibiting good compatibility and DDS (4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone) is used as the curing agent to afford epoxy thermosets. Although DOPO-GE leads to the reduced glass transition temperature of the thermosets, the storage modulus increases considerably. The DOPO-GE-modified thermosets exhibit the high thermal stability with the onset thermal decomposition… More >

Hongxiang Liu^1,2,,*, Neng Xiong^1,2, Songli Wang^1,2, Wei Zhang^1,2, Bo Yong^1,2

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.18, No.3, pp. 549-561, 2022, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2022.017979

Abstract

The effects of a magnesium-based layered composite on the flammability of a phenolic epoxy resin (EP) are studied. In order to produce the required composite material, first, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum salt and deionized water are mixed into a reactor according to a certain proportion to induce a hydrothermal reaction; then, the feed liquid is filtered out using a solid-liquid separation procedure; finally, the material is dried and crushed. In order to evaluate its effects on the flammability of the EP, first, m-phenylenediamine is added to EP and vacuum defoamation is performed; then, EP is poured into a polytetrafluoroethylene mold, cooled… More >

Li Wang^1,2,#, Rongbai Tong^3,#, Juanli Wang^1,2,*, Jintao Wan^1,2,*, Yuhu Li^1,2, Pujun Jin^1,2, Daodao Hu^1,2

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.5, pp. 1349-1364, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019372

Abstract Quest for bio-based halogen-free green flame retardant has attracted many concerns in recent years. Herein a reactive functional flame retardant containing phosphorus VDP is synthesized from vanillin, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphophene-10-oxide (DOPO) and phenol via a facile way. VDP is characterized with ¹H NMR, ³¹P NMR, FTIR and Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry, and used as a new reactive flame retardant for bisphenol epoxy thermosets. Thermogravimetry analysis shows that when the VDP loading is only 0.5P% (based on phosphorus content), the residue increases from 14.2% to 21.1% at 750°C in N₂ compare with neat DGEBA. Correspondingly, the limit oxygen index increased to 29.6%,… More >