Sowjanya Ramisetty^1,2, Divya Anand², Kavita^3,*, Sahil Verma³, NZ Jhanjhi⁴, Mehedi Masud⁵, Mohammed Baz⁶

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.45, No.2, pp. 1971-1983, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.021924 - 03 November 2022

Abstract For achieving Energy-Efficiency in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), different schemes have been proposed which focuses only on reducing the energy consumption. A shortest path determines for the Base Station (BS), but fault tolerance and energy balancing gives equal importance for improving the network lifetime. For saving energy in WSNs, clustering is considered as one of the effective methods for Wireless Sensor Networks. Because of the excessive overload, more energy consumed by cluster heads (CHs) in a cluster based WSN to receive and aggregate the information from member sensor nodes and it leads to failure. For… More >

Qamar Hafeez¹, Waqar Aslam¹, M. Ikramullah Lali², Shafiq Ahmad³, Mejdal Alqahtani³, Muhammad Shafiq^4,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.74, No.2, pp. 3829-3847, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.026422 - 31 October 2022

Abstract Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) systems have been studied since 1970. It is widely accepted as a data entry technique. OMR technology is used for surveys and multiple-choice questionnaires. Due to its ease of use, OMR technology has grown in popularity over the past two decades and is widely used in universities and colleges to automatically grade and grade student responses to questionnaires. The accuracy of OMR systems is very important due to the environment in which they are used. The OMR algorithm relies on pixel projection or Hough transform to determine the exact answer in… More >

R. Rengaraj alias Muralidharan^1,*, K. Latha²

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.35, No.2, pp. 1923-1937, 2023, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2023.029495 - 19 July 2022

Abstract In cloud computing (CC), resources are allocated and offered to the clients transparently in an on-demand way. Failures can happen in CC environment and the cloud resources are adaptable to fluctuations in the performance delivery. Task execution failure becomes common in the CC environment. Therefore, fault-tolerant scheduling techniques in CC environment are essential for handling performance differences, resource fluxes, and failures. Recently, several intelligent scheduling approaches have been developed for scheduling tasks in CC with no consideration of fault tolerant characteristics. With this motivation, this study focuses on the design of Gorilla Troops Optimizer Based… More >

Chuanwang Ma^1,*, Yu Zhang^1,2, Binxing Fang^1,2, Hongli Zhang¹, Yidong Jin³, Dasheng Zhou³

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.130, No.1, pp. 463-481, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2022.016838 - 29 November 2021

Abstract Ripple acts as a real-time settlement and payment system to connect banks and payment providers. As the consensus support of the Ripple network to ensure network consistency, Ripple consensus protocol has been widely concerned in recent years. Compared with those Byzantine fault tolerant protocols, Ripple has a significant difference that the system can reach an agreement under decentralized trust model. However, Ripple has many problems both in theory and practice, which are mentioned in the previous researches. This paper presents Ripple+, an improved scheme of Ripple consensus protocol, which improves Ripple from three aspects: (1)… More >

Iftikhar Ahmad^1,*, Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah¹, Ambreen Shahnaz², Sadeeq Jan¹, Salma Noor², Wajeeha Khalil¹, Fazal Qudus Khan³, Muhammad Iftikhar Khan⁴

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.66, No.1, pp. 157-164, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.012946 - 30 October 2020

Abstract Classical algorithms and data structures assume that the underlying memory is reliable, and the data remain safe during or after processing. However, the assumption is perilous as several studies have shown that large and inexpensive memories are vulnerable to bit flips. Thus, the correctness of output of a classical algorithm can be threatened by a few memory faults. Fault tolerant data structures and resilient algorithms are developed to tolerate a limited number of faults and provide a correct output based on the uncorrupted part of the data. Suf- fix tree is one of the important… More >