Junchen Liu¹, Feng Zhou¹, Xiaofeng Lu¹, Xiaojin Zhou², Xianjun He¹, Yurou Du³, Fuguo Xia¹, Junfu Zhang⁴, Weiyi Luo^4,*

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.21, No.10, pp. 2613-2628, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2025.069772 - 30 October 2025

Abstract In shale gas reservoir stimulation, proppants are essential for sustaining fracture conductivity. However, increasing closing stress causes proppants to embed into the rock matrix, leading to a progressive decline in fracture permeability and conductivity. Furthermore, rock creep contributes to long-term reductions in fracture performance. To elucidate the combined effects of proppant embedding and rock creep on sustained conductivity, this study conducted controlled experiments examining conductivity decay in propped fractures under varying closing stresses, explicitly accounting for both mechanisms. An embedded discrete fracture model was developed to simulate reservoir production under different conductivity decay scenarios, while… More >

Ning Liu^1,*, Dong Cai¹, Shi-Kai Jian^2,3,*

The International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 1-1, 2025, DOI:10.32604/icces.2025.012511

Abstract One intriguing phenomenon in seismograms is seismic coda, once dismissed as noise. In 1969, seismologist Aki proposed that these coda waves reveal critical insights into small-scale inhomogeneities in the Earth's interior [1]. This scattering effect highlights geological complexity and offers valuable information for exploring targets like unconventional oil and gas reservoirs [2-5]. This paper examines elastic wave propagation and scattering in solid media. We validate the effectiveness of simulating wave field scattering by employing the discrete element method alongside energy radiative transfer theory. Then, we explore elastic wave scattering and scale inversion of non-homogeneous bodies More >

Siying Zhu^1,#, Weijian Gao^2,#, Min Yi^1,2,*, Zhuhua Zhang^1,2,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.1, pp. 657-679, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.068242 - 29 August 2025

Abstract Microstructure topology evolution during severe plastic deformation (SPD) is crucial for understanding and optimising the mechanical properties of metallic materials, though its prediction remains challenging. Herein, we combine discrete cell complexes (DCC), a fully discrete algebraic topology model—with finite element analysis (FEA) to simulate and analyse the microstructure topology of pure copper under SPD. Using DCC, we model the evolution of microstructure topology characterised by Betti numbers (, , ) and Euler characteristic (). This captures key changes in GBNs and topological features within representative volume elements (RVEs) containing several hundred grains during SPD-induced recrystallisation.… More >

Pan Duan^*, Enze Peng

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3817-3838, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066491 - 26 August 2025

Abstract To address the challenges of fault line identification and low detection accuracy of wave head in Fault Location (FL) research of distribution networks with complex topologies, this paper proposes an FL method of Multi-Branch distribution line based on Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) combined with the improved Teager Energy Operator (TEO). Firstly, the current and voltage Traveling Wave (TW) signals at the head of each line are extracted, and the fault-induced components are obtained to determine the fault line by analyzing the polarity of the mutation amount of fault voltage and current TWs. Subsequently,… More >

Muhammad Osama¹, Sarwar Shah Khan^2,*, Sajid Khan², Muzammil Khan³, Mian Muhammad Danyal⁴, Reshma Khan¹

Digital Engineering and Digital Twin, Vol.3, pp. 17-34, 2025, DOI:10.32604/dedt.2025.066344 - 19 August 2025

Abstract Image fusion is a technique used to combine essential information from two or more source images into a single, more informative output image. The resulting fused image contains more meaningful details than any individual source image. This study focuses on multi-focus image fusion, a crucial area in image processing. Due to the limited depth of field of optical lenses, it is often challenging to capture an image where all areas are in focus simultaneously. As a result, multi-focus image fusion plays a key role in integrating and extracting the necessary details from different focal regions.… More >

Fatima Abu Siryeh^*, Hussein Alrammahi, Abdullahi Abdu İbrahim

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.3, pp. 5021-5046, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.065206 - 30 July 2025

Abstract Biometric template protection is essential for finger-based authentication systems, as template tampering and adversarial attacks threaten the security. This paper proposes a DCT-based fragile watermarking scheme incorporating AI-based tamper detection to improve the integrity and robustness of finger authentication. The system was tested against NIST SD4 and Anguli fingerprint datasets, wherein 10,000 watermarked fingerprints were employed for training. The designed approach recorded a tamper detection rate of 98.3%, performing 3–6% better than current DCT, SVD, and DWT-based watermarking approaches. The false positive rate (≤1.2%) and false negative rate (≤1.5%) were much lower compared to previous… More >

Xuesong Xing¹, Li Wang¹, Guangai Wu¹, Chengyong Peng^1,2,3, Yanan Hou¹, Jingyu Zi¹, Biao Yin^2,3,*

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.7, pp. 2911-2930, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.065384 - 27 June 2025

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing, an effective method for enhancing coal seam productivity, largely determines coalbed methane (CBM) production, which is significantly influenced by geological and engineering factors. This study focuses on the L block to investigate the mechanisms influencing efficient fracture propagation and enhanced stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) in fracturing. To explore the mechanisms influencing effective fracture propagation and enhanced SRV, the L block was selected as the research object, with a comprehensive consideration of geological background, reservoir properties, and dynamic production data. By combining the discrete lattice method with numerical analysis and true triaxial experimental simulation,… More >

Rupa Das¹, Roseline Mostafa², Bhaskaran Gopalakrishnan^2,*

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.7, pp. 2931-2956, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.064887 - 27 June 2025

Abstract Highly energy-efficient buildings have generated remarkable interest over the last few years. There is a need for simulation based effective control systems for efficient usage of electrical and fossil fuel driven devices, as they contribute to energy-efficient buildings and assist in gaining flexibility for the human occupancy-based energy loads. In this context, the integrated energy profile of a building can be ascertained by effective research approaches, as this knowledge would be beneficial to understand the demographics with respect to human occupancy and activities, as well as estimate varying energy consumption over time. Utility data from… More > Graphic Abstract

Maazen Alsabaan¹, Zaid Bin Faheem², Yuanyuan Zhu², Jehad Ali^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.1, pp. 491-512, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.064971 - 09 June 2025

Abstract Image watermarking is a powerful tool for media protection and can provide promising results when combined with other defense mechanisms. Image watermarking can be used to protect the copyright of digital media by embedding a unique identifier that identifies the owner of the content. Image watermarking can also be used to verify the authenticity of digital media, such as images or videos, by ascertaining the watermark information. In this paper, a mathematical chaos-based image watermarking technique is proposed using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), chaotic map, and Laplacian operator. The DWT can be used to decompose… More >

Atheer Alrammahi^1,2, Hedieh Sajedi^1,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.1, pp. 887-918, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.063866 - 09 June 2025

Abstract Ensuring digital media security through robust image watermarking is essential to prevent unauthorized distribution, tampering, and copyright infringement. This study introduces a novel hybrid watermarking framework that integrates Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform (RDWT), and Möbius Transformations (MT), with optimization of transformation parameters achieved via a Genetic Algorithm (GA). By combining frequency and spatial domain techniques, the proposed method significantly enhances both the imperceptibility and robustness of watermark embedding. The approach leverages DWT and RDWT for multi-resolution decomposition, enabling watermark insertion in frequency subbands that balance visibility and resistance to attacks. RDWT,… More >