Xiaodong Zhang¹, Wenhan Hou^2,*, Juanjuan Wang³, Leixiao Li¹, Pengfei Yue¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.2, pp. 1-20, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.072384 - 09 December 2025

Abstract Blockchain offers a promising solution to the security challenges faced by the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). However, due to the dynamic connectivity of IoV, blockchain based on a single-chain structure or Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure often suffer from performance limitations. The DAG lattice structure is a novel blockchain model in which each node maintains its own account chain, and only the node itself is allowed to update it. This feature makes the DAG lattice structure particularly suitable for addressing the challenges in dynamically connected IoV environment. In this paper, we propose a blockchain architecture… More >

Zeeshan Ali Haider¹, Inam Ullah^2,*, Ahmad Abu Shareha³, Rashid Nasimov⁴, Sufyan Ali Memon^5,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.1, pp. 1-16, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.071042 - 10 November 2025

Abstract The advent of sixth-generation (6G) networks introduces unprecedented challenges in achieving seamless connectivity, ultra-low latency, and efficient resource management in highly dynamic environments. Although fifth-generation (5G) networks transformed mobile broadband and machine-type communications at massive scales, their properties of scaling, interference management, and latency remain a limitation in dense high mobility settings. To overcome these limitations, artificial intelligence (AI) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as potential solutions to develop versatile, dynamic, and energy-efficient communication systems. The study proposes an AI-based UAV architecture that utilizes cooperative reinforcement learning (CoRL) to manage an autonomous network.… More >

Yuyang Liu^1,2,*, Wensheng Zhou^1,2, Zhijie Wei^1,2, Engao Tang^1,2, Chenyang Shi³, Qirui Zhang^4,*, Zifeng Chen⁴

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4245-4260, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066167 - 30 September 2025

Abstract After a long period of water flooding development, the oilfield has entered the middle and high water cut stage. The physical properties of reservoirs are changed by water erosion, which directly impacts reservoir development. Conventional numerical reservoir simulation methodologies typically employ static assumptions for model construction, presuming invariant reservoir geological parameters throughout the development process while neglecting the reservoir’s temporal evolution characteristics. Although such simplifications reduce computational complexity, they introduce substantial descriptive inaccuracies. Therefore, this paper proposes a meshless numerical simulation method for reservoirs that considers time-varying characteristics. This method avoids the meshing in traditional… More >

Tao Wang^1,2, Haiyang Yu^1,*, Jie Gao², Fei Wang², Xinlong Zhang^3,*, Hao Yang², Guirong Di², Pengrun Wang²

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.21, No.5, pp. 1191-1200, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2025.058865 - 30 May 2025

Abstract Oilfields worldwide are increasingly grappling with challenges such as early water breakthrough and high water production, yet direct, targeted solutions remain elusive. In recent years, chemical flooding techniques designed for tertiary oil recovery have garnered significant attention, with microgel flooding emerging as a particularly prominent area of research. Despite its promise, the complex mechanisms underlying microgel flooding have been rarely investigated numerically. This study aims to address these gaps by characterizing the distribution of microgel concentration and viscosity within different pore structures. To enhance the accuracy of these characterizations, the viscosity of microgels is adjusted More >

Ali Hassan¹, N. Nizam-Uddin², Asim Quddus³, Syed Rizwan Hassan⁴, Ateeq Ur Rehman^5,*, Salil Bharany⁶

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.3, pp. 3499-3559, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.057877 - 19 December 2024

Abstract Enhancing the interconnection of devices and systems, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm-shifting technology. IoT security concerns are still a substantial concern despite its extraordinary advantages. This paper offers an extensive review of IoT security, emphasizing the technology’s architecture, important security elements, and common attacks. It highlights how important artificial intelligence (AI) is to bolstering IoT security, especially when it comes to addressing risks at different IoT architecture layers. We systematically examined current mitigation strategies and their effectiveness, highlighting contemporary challenges with practical solutions and case studies from a range of industries, such More >

Chen Chen, Kai Qiao, Jie Yang, Jian Chen, Bin Yan^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.2, pp. 2629-2642, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.056038 - 18 November 2024

Abstract Computed Tomography (CT) is a commonly used technology in Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) non-destructive testing, and element segmentation of CT images is a key subsequent step. With the development of deep learning, researchers began to exploit the “pre-training and fine-tuning” training process for multi-element segmentation, reducing the time spent on manual annotation. However, the existing element segmentation model only focuses on the overall accuracy at the pixel level, ignoring whether the element connectivity relationship can be correctly identified. To this end, this paper proposes a PCB CT image element segmentation model optimizing the semantic perception… More >

Muhammad Aamer Ejaz^1,*, Kamalrulnizam Abu Bakar¹, Ismail Fauzi Bin Isnin¹, Babangida Isyaku^1,2,*, Taiseer Abdalla Elfadil Eisa³, Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud⁴, Asma Abbas Hassan Elnour³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.1, pp. 1511-1528, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.054938 - 15 October 2024

Abstract Localization is crucial in wireless sensor networks for various applications, such as tracking objects in outdoor environments where GPS (Global Positioning System) or prior installed infrastructure is unavailable. However, traditional techniques involve many anchor nodes, increasing costs and reducing accuracy. Existing solutions do not address the selection of appropriate anchor nodes and selecting localized nodes as assistant anchor nodes for the localization process, which is a critical element in the localization process. Furthermore, an inaccurate average hop distance significantly affects localization accuracy. We propose an improved DV-Hop algorithm based on anchor sets (AS-IDV-Hop) to improve… More >

Huanhuan Li^1,2,*, Hongchang Wei², Zheliang Chen², Yue Xu³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.80, No.2, pp. 2199-2219, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.052155 - 15 August 2024

Abstract The current resource allocation in 5G vehicular networks for mobile cloud communication faces several challenges, such as low user utilization, unbalanced resource allocation, and extended adaptive allocation time. We propose an adaptive allocation algorithm for mobile cloud communication resources in 5G vehicular networks to address these issues. This study analyzes the components of the 5G vehicular network architecture to determine the performance of different components. It is ascertained that the communication modes in 5G vehicular networks for mobile cloud communication include in-band and out-of-band modes. Furthermore, this study analyzes the single-hop and multi-hop modes in… More >

Xingliang Deng¹, Peng Cao^2,*, Yintao Zhang¹, Yuhui Zhou³, Xiao Luo¹, Liang Wang³

Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.5, pp. 1195-1207, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2023.045870 - 30 April 2024

Abstract The fractured-vuggy carbonate oil resources in the western basin of China are extremely rich. The connectivity of carbonate reservoirs is complex, and there is still a lack of clear understanding of the development and topological structure of the pore space in fractured-vuggy reservoirs. Thus, effective prediction of fractured-vuggy reservoirs is difficult. In view of this, this work employs adaptive point cloud technology to reproduce the shape and capture the characteristics of a fractured-vuggy reservoir. To identify the complex connectivity among pores, fractures, and vugs, a simplified one-dimensional connectivity model is established by using the meshless More >

Yan Dong^1,2, Kang Zhao¹, Liang Gao¹, Hao Li^1,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.79, No.1, pp. 1-18, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.048870 - 25 April 2024

Abstract With the continuous advancement in topology optimization and additive manufacturing (AM) technology, the capability to fabricate functionally graded materials and intricate cellular structures with spatially varying microstructures has grown significantly. However, a critical challenge is encountered in the design of these structures–the absence of robust interface connections between adjacent microstructures, potentially resulting in diminished efficiency or macroscopic failure. A Hybrid Level Set Method (HLSM) is proposed, specifically designed to enhance connectivity among non-uniform microstructures, contributing to the design of functionally graded cellular structures. The HLSM introduces a pioneering algorithm for effectively blending heterogeneous microstructure interfaces.… More >