Muhammad Muntasir Yakubu^1,2,*, Mohd Fadzil B Hassan^1,3, Kamaluddeen Usman Danyaro¹, Aisha Zahid Junejo⁴, Muhammed Siraj⁵, Saidu Yahaya¹, Shamsuddeen Adamu¹, Kamal Abdulsalam⁶

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.48, No.6, pp. 1437-1481, 2024, DOI:10.32604/csse.2024.054556 - 22 November 2024

Abstract This study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) of blockchain consensus mechanisms, an essential protocols that maintain the integrity, reliability, and decentralization of distributed ledger networks. The aim is to comprehensively investigate prominent mechanisms’ security features and vulnerabilities, emphasizing their security considerations, applications, challenges, and future directions. The existing literature offers valuable insights into various consensus mechanisms’ strengths, limitations, and security vulnerabilities and their real-world applications. However, there remains a gap in synthesizing and analyzing this knowledge systematically. Addressing this gap would facilitate a structured approach to understanding consensus mechanisms’ security and vulnerabilities comprehensively. The… More >

Mitra Madanchian^1,*, Hamed Taherdoost^1,2,3,4

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.2, pp. 2133-2159, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.057094 - 18 November 2024

Abstract This comparative review explores the dynamic and evolving landscape of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered innovations within high-tech research and development (R&D). It delves into both theoretical models and practical applications across a broad range of industries, including biotechnology, automotive, aerospace, and telecommunications. By examining critical advancements in AI algorithms, machine learning, deep learning models, simulations, and predictive analytics, the review underscores the transformative role AI has played in advancing theoretical research and shaping cutting-edge technologies. The review integrates both qualitative and quantitative data derived from academic studies, industry reports, and real-world case studies to showcase the… More >

Mehrdad Shoeibi¹, Mohammad Mehdi Sharifi Nevisi², Sarvenaz Sadat Khatami³, Diego Martín^2,*, Sepehr Soltani⁴, Sina Aghakhani⁵

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.2, pp. 2819-2843, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.056823 - 18 November 2024

Abstract In the evolving landscape of the smart grid (SG), the integration of non-organic multiple access (NOMA) technology has emerged as a pivotal strategy for enhancing spectral efficiency and energy management. However, the open nature of wireless channels in SG raises significant concerns regarding the confidentiality of critical control messages, especially when broadcasted from a neighborhood gateway (NG) to smart meters (SMs). This paper introduces a novel approach based on reinforcement learning (RL) to fortify the performance of secrecy. Motivated by the need for efficient and effective training of the fully connected layers in the RL… More >

Ahamad B. Alkodre¹, Nour Mahmoud Bahbouh², Sandra Sendra³, Adnan Ahmed Abi Sen^4,*, Yazed Alsaawy¹, Saad Said Alqahtany¹, Abdallah Namoun¹, Hani Almoamari¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.2, pp. 2727-2751, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.053706 - 18 November 2024

Abstract In Saudi Arabia, drones are increasingly used in different sensitive domains like military, health, and agriculture to name a few. Typically, drone cameras capture aerial images of objects and convert them into crucial data, alongside collecting data from distributed sensors supplemented by location data. The interception of the data sent from the drone to the station can lead to substantial threats. To address this issue, highly confidential protection methods must be employed. This paper introduces a novel steganography approach called the Shuffling Steganography Approach (SSA). SSA encompasses five fundamental stages and three proposed algorithms, designed… More >

JYOTHI B. NAIR^1,2, ANU MARY JOSEPH³, SANOOP P.⁴, MANU M. JOSEPH^5,*

BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.11, pp. 1579-1602, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.054879 - 07 November 2024

Abstract Nanoparticles represent a heterogeneous collection of materials, whether natural or synthetic, with dimensions aligning in the nanoscale. Because of their intense manifestation with the immune system, they can be harvested for numerous bio-medical and biotechnological advancements mainly in cancer treatment. This review article aims to scrutinize various types of nanoparticles that interact differently with immune cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. It also underscores the importance of knowing how nanoparticles influence immune cell functions, such as the production of cytokines and the presentation of antigens which are crucial for… More >

ZEYIN LAI¹, HANGYUAN ZHAO¹, HONG DENG^1,2,*

BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.11, pp. 1569-1578, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.053983 - 07 November 2024

Abstract In the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a pivotal role in establishing tumor-permissive extracellular matrix structures, angiogenesis, and modulating the immune status of the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby influencing tumor metastasis and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The pleiotropic effects of CAFs in the TME may be attributed to the heterogeneous origin and high plasticity of their population. Given the specificity of CAFs, they provide a variety of potential target molecules for future CRC treatment, which may play an indispensable role in CRC therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the origin of More >

Mohammed A. Alhartomi^1,*, Mohammad F. L. Abdullah², Wafi A. B. Mabrouk², Mohammed S. M. Gismalla³, Ahmed Alzahmi¹, Saeed Alzahrani¹, Mohammad R. Altimania¹, Mohammed S. Alsawat⁴

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.141, No.3, pp. 2087-2105, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2024.055679 - 31 October 2024

Abstract The demand for broadband data services on high-speed trains is rapidly growing as more people commute between their homes and workplaces. However, current radio frequency (RF) technology cannot adequately meet this demand. In order to address the bandwidth constraint, a technique known as free space optics (FSO) has been proposed. This paper presents a mathematical derivation and formulation of curve track G2T-FSO (Ground-to-train Free Space Optical) model, where the track radius characteristics is 2667 m, divergence angle track is 1.5° for train velocity at V = 250 km/h. Multiple transmitter configurations are proposed to maximize More >

Tareq Hamadneh¹, Belal Batiha², Omar Alsayyed³, Frank Werner^4,*, Zeinab Monrazeri⁵, Mohammad Dehghani^5,*, Kei Eguchi⁶

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.141, No.3, pp. 2253-2323, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2024.055171 - 31 October 2024

Abstract This paper introduces the Wolverine Optimization Algorithm (WoOA), a biomimetic method inspired by the foraging behaviors of wolverines in their natural habitats. WoOA innovatively integrates two primary strategies: scavenging and hunting, mirroring the wolverine’s adeptness in locating carrion and pursuing live prey. The algorithm’s uniqueness lies in its faithful simulation of these dual strategies, which are mathematically structured to optimize various types of problems effectively. The effectiveness of WoOA is rigorously evaluated using the Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) 2017 test suite across dimensions of 10, 30, 50, and 100. The results showcase WoOA’s robust… More >

Carmen Gheorghe^*, Mihai Duguleana, Razvan Gabriel Boboc, Cristian Cezar Postelnicu

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.141, No.3, pp. 1939-1981, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2024.054735 - 31 October 2024

Abstract Identifying objects in real-time is a technology that is developing rapidly and has a huge potential for expansion in many technical fields. Currently, systems that use image processing to detect objects are based on the information from a single frame. A video camera positioned in the analyzed area captures the image, monitoring in detail the changes that occur between frames. The You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm is a model for detecting objects in images, that is currently known for the accuracy of the data obtained and the fast-working speed. This study proposes a comprehensive More >

Zheng Guo¹, Li Xie², Ju Zhao³, Xing Hao³, Xiaotong Hou³, Wei Wang^1,*

Congenital Heart Disease, Vol.19, No.4, pp. 341-350, 2024, DOI:10.32604/chd.2024.057403 - 31 October 2024

Abstract Background: With the decline of birth population and the development of medical technology in China, studies assessing how these changes have affected the adoption of congenital heart disease surgery at the national or regional scale are lacking. Methods: We investigated the status of congenital heart surgery in China in the period from 2017–2022, through investigation of the total rates of cardiac surgeries, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), adult congenital heart surgeries (CHS), and pediatric CHS (<18 years old), as recorded by the Extracorporeal Circulation Branch of the Chinese Society of Biomedical Engineering. Subsequently, we evaluated correlations between… More >