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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Curing Process of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin for Plywood under Vacuum Conditions

    Guobing Xiong1, Lu Hong2, Zehui Ju3, Xiaoning Lu3,*, Juwan Jin3,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.9, pp. 3447-3461, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027430 - 20 July 2023

    Abstract The study characterized the curing behaviors of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin under different vacuum degrees and explored the properties of 9-ply plywood panels hot-pressed under both vacuum and atmospheric conditions. The changes in core temperature and moisture content of the plywood mats during hot pressing were investigated as well. It was found that the gel times and gel temperatures of PF resin decreased with the increase of vacuum degree using a self-made device. FTIR spectra indicated the degree of polycondensation of hydroxymethyl gradually increased with the increase in temperature. It was also observed that a… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Determination of the Cement Sheath Interface and the Causes of Failure in the Completion Stage of Gas Wells

    Xuesong Xing1, Renjun Xie1, Yi Wu1, Zhiqiang Wu1, Huanqiang Yang2,*

    FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.18, No.6, pp. 1719-1735, 2022, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2022.019799 - 27 June 2022

    Abstract

    The bonding quality of the cement sheath interface decreases during well completion because of the change in the casing pressure. To explore the root cause of such phenomena, experiments on the mechanical properties and interface bonding strength of a cement sheath have been carried out taking the LS25-1 high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) gas field as an example. Moreover, a constitutive model of the cement sheath has been defined and verified both by means of a full-scale HTHP cement sheath sealing integrity evaluation experiment and three-dimensional finite element simulations. The results show that the low initial cementing

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