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    ARTICLE

    A Stacked Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Imbalanced Multi-Class Water Quality Index Prediction

    Wen Yee Wong1, Khairunnisa Hasikin1,*, Anis Salwa Mohd Khairuddin2, Sarah Abdul Razak3, Hanee Farzana Hizaddin4, Mohd Istajib Mokhtar5, Muhammad Mokhzaini Azizan6

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.76, No.2, pp. 1361-1384, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.038045 - 30 August 2023

    Abstract A common difficulty in building prediction models with realworld environmental datasets is the skewed distribution of classes. There are significantly more samples for day-to-day classes, while rare events such as polluted classes are uncommon. Consequently, the limited availability of minority outcomes lowers the classifier’s overall reliability. This study assesses the capability of machine learning (ML) algorithms in tackling imbalanced water quality data based on the metrics of precision, recall, and F1 score. It intends to balance the misled accuracy towards the majority of data. Hence, 10 ML algorithms of its performance are compared. The classifiers… More >

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