Haotian Wu¹, Jiaming Pei², Jinhai Li^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.1, pp. 1-20, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.069873 - 10 November 2025

Abstract With the increasing complexity of vehicular networks and the proliferation of connected vehicles, Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a critical framework for decentralized model training while preserving data privacy. However, efficient client selection and adaptive weight allocation in heterogeneous and non-IID environments remain challenging. To address these issues, we propose Federated Learning with Client Selection and Adaptive Weighting (FedCW), a novel algorithm that leverages adaptive client selection and dynamic weight allocation for optimizing model convergence in real-time vehicular networks. FedCW selects clients based on their Euclidean distance from the global model and dynamically adjusts More >

Muflih Alhazmi¹, Waqar Ul Hassan², Saba Shaheen³, Mohammed M. A. Almazah⁴, Azmat Ullah Khan Niazi^3,*, Nafisa A. Albasheir⁵, Ameni Gargouri⁶, Naveed Iqbal⁷

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.145, No.2, pp. 1903-1940, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.072973 - 26 November 2025

Abstract This paper proposes a model-based control framework for vehicle platooning systems with second-order nonlinear dynamics operating over switching signed networks, time-varying delays, and deception attacks. The study includes two configurations: a leaderless structure using Finite-Time Non-Singular Terminal Bipartite Consensus (FNTBC) and Fixed-Time Bipartite Consensus (FXTBC), and a leader—follower structure ensuring structural balance and robustness against deceptive signals. In the leaderless model, a bipartite controller based on impulsive control theory, gauge transformation, and Markovian switching Lyapunov functions ensures mean-square stability and coordination under deception attacks and communication delays. The FNTBC achieves finite-time convergence depending on initial More >

Faareh Ahmed¹, Babar Mansoor², Muhammad Awais Javed³, Abdul Khader Jilani Saudagar^4,*

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.144, No.3, pp. 3783-3804, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.069430 - 30 September 2025

Abstract Vehicular networks enable seamless connectivity for exchanging emergency and infotainment content. However, retrieving infotainment data from remote servers often introduces high delays, degrading the Quality of Service (QoS). To overcome this, caching frequently requested content at fog-enabled Road Side Units (RSUs) reduces communication latency. Yet, the limited caching capacity of RSUs makes it impractical to store all contents with varying sizes and popularity. This research proposes an efficient content caching algorithm that adapts to dynamic vehicular demands on highways to maximize request satisfaction. The scheme is evaluated against Intelligent Content Caching (ICC) and Random Caching More >

Mosab Manaseer¹, Maram Bani Younes^2,*

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.48, No.6, pp. 1699-1721, 2024, DOI:10.32604/csse.2024.055128 - 22 November 2024

Abstract This work aims to examine the vulnerabilities and threats in the applications of intelligent transport systems, especially collision avoidance protocols. It focuses on achieving the availability of network communication among traveling vehicles. Finally, it aims to find a secure solution to prevent blackhole attacks on vehicular network communications. The proposed solution relies on authenticating vehicles by joining a blockchain network. This technology provides identification information and receives cryptography keys. Moreover, the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol is used for route discovery and ensuring reliable node communication. The system activates an adaptive mode for monitoring More >

Wenming Wang^1,2,3,*, Zhiquan Liu¹, Shumin Zhang¹, Guijiang Liu¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.2, pp. 2517-2545, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.055184 - 18 November 2024

Abstract Advancements in the vehicular network technology enable real-time interconnection, data sharing, and intelligent cooperative driving among vehicles. However, malicious vehicles providing illegal and incorrect information can compromise the interests of vehicle users. Trust mechanisms serve as an effective solution to this issue. In recent years, many researchers have incorporated blockchain technology to manage and incentivize vehicle nodes, incurring significant overhead and storage requirements due to the frequent ingress and egress of vehicles within the area. In this paper, we propose a distributed vehicular network scheme based on trust scores. Specifically, the designed architecture partitions multiple More >

Sagar Kavaiya¹, Hiren Mewada^2,*, Sagarkumar Patel³, Dharmendra Chauhan³, Faris A. Almalki⁴, Hana Mohammed Mujlid⁴

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.80, No.3, pp. 3685-3711, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.053587 - 12 September 2024

Abstract The mobility and connective capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming more and more important in defense, commercial, and research domains. However, their open communication makes UAVs susceptible to undesirable passive attacks such as eavesdropping or jamming. Recently, the inefficiency of traditional cryptography-based techniques has led to the addition of Physical Layer Security (PLS). This study focuses on the advanced PLS method for passive eavesdropping in UAV-aided vehicular environments, proposing a solution to complement the conventional cryptography approach. Initially, we present a performance analysis of first-order secrecy metrics in 6G-enabled UAV systems, namely hybrid… More >

Huanhuan Li^1,2,*, Hongchang Wei², Zheliang Chen², Yue Xu³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.80, No.2, pp. 2199-2219, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.052155 - 15 August 2024

Abstract The current resource allocation in 5G vehicular networks for mobile cloud communication faces several challenges, such as low user utilization, unbalanced resource allocation, and extended adaptive allocation time. We propose an adaptive allocation algorithm for mobile cloud communication resources in 5G vehicular networks to address these issues. This study analyzes the components of the 5G vehicular network architecture to determine the performance of different components. It is ascertained that the communication modes in 5G vehicular networks for mobile cloud communication include in-band and out-of-band modes. Furthermore, this study analyzes the single-hop and multi-hop modes in… More >

Youseef Alotaibi¹, B. Rajasekar², R. Jayalakshmi³, Surendran Rajendran^4,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.78, No.3, pp. 4243-4262, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.047608 - 26 March 2024

Abstract Rapid development in Information Technology (IT) has allowed several novel application regions like large outdoor vehicular networks for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) transmission. Vehicular networks give a safe and more effective driving experience by presenting time-sensitive and location-aware data. The communication occurs directly between V2V and Base Station (BS) units such as the Road Side Unit (RSU), named as a Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I). However, the frequent topology alterations in VANETs generate several problems with data transmission as the vehicle velocity differs with time. Therefore, the scheme of an effectual routing protocol for reliable and stable communications… More >

Fady Samann^1,2,*, Shavan Askar³

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.138, No.3, pp. 2421-2444, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2023.031265 - 15 December 2023

Abstract Implementing machine learning algorithms in the non-conducive environment of the vehicular network requires some adaptations due to the high computational complexity of these algorithms. K-clustering algorithms are simplistic, with fast performance and relative accuracy. However, their implementation depends on the initial selection of clusters number (K), the initial clusters’ centers, and the clustering metric. This paper investigated using Scott’s histogram formula to estimate the K number and the Link Expiration Time (LET) as a clustering metric. Realistic traffic flows were considered for three maps, namely Highway, Traffic Light junction, and Roundabout junction, to study the… More >

Fayaz Hassan^1,*, Jianguo Yu¹, Zafi Sherhan Syed², Arif Hussain Magsi³, Nadeem Ahmed⁴

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.77, No.3, pp. 3185-3208, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.044650 - 26 December 2023

Abstract Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are mobile ad-hoc networks that use vehicles as nodes to create a wireless network. Whereas VANETs offer many advantages over traditional transportation networks, ensuring security in VANETs remains a significant challenge due to the potential for malicious attacks. This study addresses the critical issue of security in VANETs by introducing an intelligent Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that merges Machine Learning (ML)–based attack detection with Explainable AI (XAI) explanations. This study ML pipeline involves utilizing correlation-based feature selection followed by a Random Forest (RF) classifier that achieves a classification accuracy of 100%… More >