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  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    The heterogeneity of tumor-associated macrophages and strategies to target it

    HAO LV1, BO ZHU1,2, DEGAO CHEN1,2,*

    BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.3, pp. 363-378, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2023.046367

    Abstract Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are emerging as targets for tumor therapy because of their primary role in promoting tumor progression. Several studies have been conducted to target TAMs by reducing their infiltration, depleting their numbers, and reversing their phenotypes to suppress tumor progression, leading to the development of drugs in preclinical and clinical trials. However, the heterogeneous characteristics of TAMs, including their ontogenetic and functional heterogeneity, limit their targeting. Therefore, in-depth exploration of the heterogeneity of TAMs, combined with immune checkpoint therapy or other therapeutic modalities could improve the efficiency of tumor treatment. This review focuses on the heterogeneous ontogeny and… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    CMTM6 deletion affects chemoresistance and macrophage M2 polarization in colorectal cancer cells

    YANG XU1,#, HONGYUN LI1,#, GE YOU2,*

    BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.2, pp. 229-237, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2023.045030

    Abstract Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) constitutes the leading cause of death worldwide. Chemoresistance and tumor immune evasion are critical contributors to therapeutic failure in cancer patients. CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 6 (CMTM6) is aberrantly expressed in various cancers and can regulate tumor immunity. However, its role in chemoresistance and tumor immunity of CRC is not well understood. Methods: Online bioinformatics tools were used to analyze expression and prognosis of CMTM6 in CRC patients. CRC cells were transfected with si-CMTM6. Subsequently, the effects on CRC cell viability and chemoresistance were investigated by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometer. Furthermore, CRC cell-induced macrophage recruitments… More > Graphic Abstract

    CMTM6 deletion affects chemoresistance and macrophage M2 polarization in colorectal cancer cells

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    M2 macrophages predicted the prognosis of breast cancer by combing a novel immune cell signature and promoted cell migration and invasion of cancer cells in vitro

    QI XIA1, XING CHEN2, QINGHUA MA3, XIANXIU WEN2,*

    BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.2, pp. 217-228, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2023.027414

    Abstract Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women. Immune features play an important role in improving the prognosis prediction of BC. However, while previous immune signatures consisted mainly of immune genes, immune cell-based signatures have been rarely reported. Methods: In this study, we report that a novel immune cell signature is effective in improving prognostic prediction by combining M2 macrophages. We identified 17 differentially infiltrating immune cells between cancer and normal groups. Prognostic features of the four immune cells identified by LASSO COX analysis showed good performance for survival risk… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Application of exosomal miRNA mediated macrophage polarization in colorectal cancer: Current progress and challenges

    YUN ZHANG1,2,#, SHALING TANG1,2,#, YUBO GAO1,2, ZHONGTING LU1,2, YUAN YANG1,2, JING CHEN3, TAO LI4,*

    Oncology Research, Vol.32, No.1, pp. 61-71, 2024, DOI:10.32604/or.2023.043481

    Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health problem with high morbidity and mortality rates. Surgical resection is the main treatment for early-stage CRC, but detecting it early is challenging. Therefore, effective therapeutic targets for advanced patients are still lacking. Exosomes, tiny vesicles in body fluids, play a crucial role in tumor metastasis, immune regulation, and drug resistance. Interestingly, they can even serve as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Studies have shown that exosomes can carry miRNA, mediate the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages, promote the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells, and affect the prognosis of CRC. Since… More > Graphic Abstract

    Application of exosomal miRNA mediated macrophage polarization in colorectal cancer: Current progress and challenges

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    TonEBP expression is essential in the IL-1β–induced migration and invasion of human A549 lung cancer cells

    HEE JU SONG, TAEHEE KIM, HAN NA CHOI, SOO JIN KIM, SANG DO LEE*

    Oncology Research, Vol.32, No.1, pp. 151-161, 2024, DOI:10.32604/or.2023.030690

    Abstract Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among all cancers, in part because it readily metastasizes. The tumor microenvironment, comprising blood vessels, fibroblasts, immune cells, and macrophages [including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)], is closely related to cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion. TAMs secrete several cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, which participate in cancer migration and invasion. p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), an important signaling molecule, induces cell migration and invasion in several carcinomas. Tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP) is also known to participate in cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion. However, the mechanisms by which it increases lung cancer migration remain unclear. Therefore,… More > Graphic Abstract

    TonEBP expression is essential in the IL-1β–induced migration and invasion of human A549 lung cancer cells

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Opportunities and challenges of CD47-targeted therapy in cancer immunotherapy

    QIUQIANG CHEN1,*, XUEJUN GUO2, WENXUE MA3,*

    Oncology Research, Vol.32, No.1, pp. 49-60, 2024, DOI:10.32604/or.2023.042383

    Abstract Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer, with the tumor microenvironment (TME) playing a pivotal role in modulating the immune response. CD47, a cell surface protein, has been identified as a crucial regulator of the TME and a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy. However, the precise functions and implications of CD47 in the TME during immunotherapy for cancer patients remain incompletely understood. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of CD47’s multifaced role in TME regulation and immune evasion, elucidating its impact on various types of immunotherapy outcomes, including checkpoint inhibitors and… More > Graphic Abstract

    Opportunities and challenges of CD47-targeted therapy in cancer immunotherapy

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    ScRNA-seq reveals the correlation between M2 phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages and lymph node metastasis of breast cancer

    JUN SHEN1,#, HONGFANG MA2,#, YONGXIA CHEN3, JIANGUO SHEN1,*

    Oncology Research, Vol.31, No.6, pp. 955-966, 2023, DOI:10.32604/or.2023.029638

    Abstract The process of lymphatic metastasis was proved to be associated with podoplanin-expressing macrophages in breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to investigate the role of the M2 phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages and mine the key M2 macrophages-related genes for lymph node metastasis in BC. We downloaded the GSE158399 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, which includes transcriptomic profiles of individual cells from primary tumors, negative lymph nodes (NLNs), and positive lymph nodes (PLNs) of breast cancer patients. The cell subsets were identified by clustering analysis after quality control of the scRNA-seq using Seurat. The activation and migration capability… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Macrophage-derived SHP-2 inhibits the metastasis of colorectal cancer via Tie2-PI3K signals

    XUELIANG WU1,#, SHAOYU GUAN2,#, YONGGANG LU3, JUN XUE4, XIANGYANG YU1, QI ZHANG5,*, XIMO WANG1,5,*, TIAN LI6

    Oncology Research, Vol.31, No.2, pp. 125-139, 2023, DOI:10.32604/or.2023.028657

    Abstract This research aimed to explore the influence of Src homology-2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP- 2) on the functions of tyrosine kinase receptors with immunoglobulin and EGF homology domains 2 (Tie2)-expressing monocyte/macrophages (TEMs) and the influence of the angiopoietin(Ang)/Tie2-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (Ang/Tie2-PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway on the tumor microvascular remodeling in an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In vivo, SHP-2- deficient mice were used to construct colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis models. SHP-2-deficient mice had significantly more metastatic cancer and inhibited nodules on the liver surface than wild-type mice, and the high-level expression of p-Tie2 was found in… More > Graphic Abstract

    Macrophage-derived SHP-2 inhibits the metastasis of colorectal cancer via Tie2-PI3K signals

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Macrophage-derived exosomal miR-342-3p promotes the progression of renal cell carcinoma through the NEDD4L/CEP55 axis

    JIAFU FENG1,2,#,*, BEI XU1,2,#, CHUNMEI DAI1,2,#, YAODONG WANG1,4, GANG XIE1,5, WENYU YANG1,2, BIN ZHANG1,2, XIAOHAN LI6, JUN WANG3

    Oncology Research, Vol.29, No.5, pp. 331-349, 2021, DOI:10.32604/or.2022.03554

    Abstract Due to its difficulty in early diagnosis and lack of sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains to be a frequent cause of cancer-related death. Here, we probed into new targets for its early diagnosis and treatment for RCC. microRNA (miRNA) data of M2-EVs and RCC were searched on the Gene Expression Omnibus database, followed by the prediction of the potential downstream target. Expression of target genes was measured via RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. M2 macrophage was obtained via flow cytometry with M2-EVs extracted. The binding ability of miR-342-3p to NEDD4L and to CEP55 ubiquitination was… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Polarized Autologous Macrophages (PAM) Can Be a Tumor Vaccine

    Dongqing Wang1,*, Heying Chen1, Yi Hu2,*

    Oncologie, Vol.24, No.3, pp. 441-449, 2022, DOI:10.32604/oncologie.2022.024898

    Abstract Immunotherapy is currently recognized as one of the most promising anticancer strategies. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages are mainly M2-type macrophages with tumor-promoting effects. Therefore, the reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages from M2 to M1 type is a potential strategy for cancer therapy. We have previously shown the anticancer effects of implantable allogeneic M1 macrophages in mice. Here, we further engineered autologous mouse bone marrow cells into M1 macrophages and then embedded them into a sodium alginate gel to prepare an implantable immunotherapeutic agent (M1@Gel). We demonstrate that M1@Gel repolarizes M2 macrophages to M1 type and activates the immune responses… More >

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