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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Investigation of the Interaction Mechanism between Lignin Structural Units and Enzyme

    Lijing Huang, Penghui Li, Kangjie Jiang, Wenjuan Wu*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 1613-1626, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.023605

    Abstract The effect of lignin structural units on enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass was investigated, especially the inhibitory role of lignin in non-productive adsorption with enzymes. Milled wood lignin (MWL) was isolated from different hardwoods of poplar, eucalyptus and acacia. The isolated lignin samples were characterized by elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography, nitrobenzene oxidation and fourier infrared spectroscopy. The mechanism of lignin structural units on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was studied by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The results showed that different structural units of lignin had different adsorption capacity for enzymes. The results of nitrobenzene oxidation indicated that the S/G ratio… More > Graphic Abstract

    Investigation of the Interaction Mechanism between Lignin Structural Units and Enzyme

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Preparation of Film Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Modified by Alkaline Starch and Lignin Fiber

    Yunxia Zhou1, Hisham Essawy2, Ai Liu1, Chenyu Yang1, Defa Hou1, Xiaojian Zhou1,*, Guanben Du1, Jun Zhang1,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 837-852, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022792

    Abstract This study presents an easily prepared film based on alkaline starch-polyvinyl alcohol hybrid and lignin fiber as an additive (SPL film). The SPL film was prepared under acidic conditions through a polycondensation reaction of PVA and a mixture incorporating alkaline starch and lignin fiber from agriculture or forest source. The examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the surface of SPL film was smooth and the lignin fiber had good compatibility within the film hybrid. Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) investigations indicated that alkaline starch and lignin fiber reacted with PVA under acidic conditions… More > Graphic Abstract

    Preparation of Film Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Modified by Alkaline Starch and Lignin Fiber

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Quantitative Extraction of p-Coumaric Acid and Ferulic Acid in Different Gramineous Materials and Structural Changes of Residual Alkali Lignin

    Tanhao Zhang, Shuo Zhang, Wu Lan*, Fengxia Yue*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 555-566, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025701

    Abstract Ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA) in bagasse, wheat straw, corn straw, and corncob were extracted by alkaline hydrolysis and characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that the FA and most of the pCA in gramineous biomass could be dissociated and released after being treated with 1 M NaOH at 100°C for 4 h. The yields of pCA/FA in bagasse, wheat straw, corn straw, and corncob determined by GC-FID are 39.8/11.5, 13.7/11.0, 28.0/11.0, and 35.1/14.5 mg/g, respectively. The raw materials and the treated solid residues were characterized by gel-state 2D Heteronuclear Single… More > Graphic Abstract

    Quantitative Extraction of <i>p</i>-Coumaric Acid and Ferulic Acid in Different Gramineous Materials and Structural Changes of Residual Alkali Lignin

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Green Synthesis for Lignin Plasticization: Aqueous Graft Copolymerization with Methyl Methacrylate

    Sinto Jacob1, Manjusri Misra1,2, Amar Mohanty1,2,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.1, No.2, pp. 154-165, 2013, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2012.634107

    Abstract This study investigated the use of potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator for the grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto softwood kraft lignin. Ammonium iron (II) sulfate hexahydrate was used as a catalyst to overcome the inherent inhibition of lignin to free radical grafting and to make lignin copolymer under mild conditions using an aqueous medium. The infl uence of temperature, initiator concentration, time of reaction and monomer concentration on percentage of grafting were studied. A maximum of 31% grafting was achieved at 55ο C. Graft copolymer was identifi ed from the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum by the new… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Advances of Polyurethane Foams Derived from Lignin

    Hyoe Hatakeyama1,*, Tatsuko Hatakeyama2

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.1, No.2, pp. 113-123, 2013, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2012.634111

    Abstract Lignin and saccharides are two major components of plants. Huge amounts of plant residues are obtained as by-products of large-scale industries, such as pulp and paper, bio-fuel and the food industry. In this paper, preparation of polyurethane (PU) foam directly from various kinds of industrial lignin and molasses, which have scarcely been utilized, is summarized based on our results obtained by recent investigation. A onestep reaction using hydroxyl groups of plant materials as an active site makes it possible to produce a wide variety of PU, such as foams, sheets, gels and composite matrix. In this paper, PU foams receive… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Foam-Laid Thermoplastic Composites Based on Kraft Lignin and Softwood Pulp

    Antti Ojala1,*, Lisa Wikström1, Kalle Nättinen2, Jani Lehmonen3, Karita Kinnunen-Raudaskoski4

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.2, No.4, pp. 278-284, 2014, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2014.634126

    Abstract This article presents a new method of producing thermomoldable nonwoven materials based on kraft lignin (KL) and softwood kraft pulp (KP). A mixture of starch acetate (SA) and triethyl citrate (TEC) was used as a water insoluble plasticizer for KL. The thermoplastic lignin (TPL) material with the optimized ratio of KL, SA and TEC was prepared in a twin-screw extruder. The TPL compound was ground and mixed with KP fi bers to produce thermoformable sheets using foam-laid technology. The formed webs were compression molded (CM) into plates and mechanically tested. The foam-laid composites had tensile strengths and modulus of 67… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Evaluation and Analysis of the Effect of Lignin Amelioration on Loess Collapsibility

    Xiumei Zhong1, Yuxin Liang1,2,*, Qian Wang1,*, Jinlian Ma1, Shouyun Liang2, Yan Wang1, Xiaowei Xu1

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.12, pp. 3405-3424, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.021120

    Abstract The road subgrade and road surface in collapsible loess area are prone to many engineering diseases such as uneven subgrade settlement, insufficient bearing capacity of soaked foundation, collapse and instability of subgrade side slope due to the special properties of loess. As an environment-friendly, low-cost soil modifier with good adhesion and chelation properties, lignin has been considered to be used in highway subgrade construction. In order to explore the effect of lignin on loess, the compressive and collapsible properties of modified loess with different lignin contents were analyzed based on consolidation compression test. The improvement mechanism of lignin on loess… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Formation Mechanism of Biomass Aromatic Hydrocarbon Tar on Quantum Chemistry

    Bo Chen1, Bo Liu2,*, Yong Chao3, Chao Zhong1

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.12, pp. 3491-3504, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.021302

    Abstract The formation process of aromatic hydrocarbon tar during the pyrolysis process of biomass components of cellulose and lignin was carried out by quantum chemical calculation based on density functional theory method B3LYP/6-31G++(d, p). 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural was chosen as the model compound of cellulose and hemicellulose, and syringaldehyde was chosen as the model compound of lignin. The calculation results show that the formation process of cellulose monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon tar is the conversion process of benzene ring from furan ring, and the highest reaction energy barrier appears in the process of decarbonylation, which is 370.8 kJ/mol. The formation of lignin monocyclic aromatic… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Formaldehyde Free Renewable Thermosetting Foam Based on Biomass Tannin with a Lignin Additive

    Bowen Liu1, Yunxia Zhou1, Hisham Essawy2, Shang Feng1, Xuehui Li1, Jingjing Liao1, Xiaojian Zhou1,3,*, Jun Zhang1,*, Sida Xie1

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.11, pp. 3009-3024, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019848

    Abstract This study presents easily prepared free formaldehyde bio-based foam based on a prepared thermosetting resin comprising tannin–lignin–furfuryl alcohol-glyoxal (TLFG) via mechanical stirring in presence of ether as a foaming agent. The foam was developed through a co-polycondensation reaction of glyoxal and furfuryl alcohol with condensed tannin and lignin, which is a forest-derived product. Investigation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed more closed-cell structure without cracks and collapse in the TLFG foam, with a higher apparent density with respect to tannin–furanic–formaldehyde (TFF) foam. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) investigations revealed that the curing process… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Curing Kinetics of Tannin and Lignin Biobased Adhesives Determined by DSC and ABES

    Jaša Saražin1, Ida Poljanšek1, Antonio Pizzi2, Milan Šernek1,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.8, pp. 2117-2131, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019602

    Abstract The curing process of two biobased adhesives: pine tanninhexamine (TH) and organosolv lignin non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU), suitable for interior nonstructural use, were compared with commercial urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. Changes in chemical structure before and after the curing process were observed with Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The process of adhesive curing was monitored with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the automated bonding evaluation system (ABES). Both DSC and ABES measurements confirmed UF as the fastest and NIPU as the slowest curing adhesive observed. Taking into account the ABES results, the optimal pressing parameters for the TH adhesive would be 4 min… More >

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