Ahmed Awad Mohamed¹, Eslam Abdelhakim Seyam^2,*, Ahmed R. Elsaeed³, Laith Abualigah⁴, Aseel Smerat^5,6, Ahmed M. AbdelMouty⁷, Hosam E. Refaat⁸

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.073171 - 12 January 2026

Abstract In recent years, fog computing has become an important environment for dealing with the Internet of Things. Fog computing was developed to handle large-scale big data by scheduling tasks via cloud computing. Task scheduling is crucial for efficiently handling IoT user requests, thereby improving system performance, cost, and energy consumption across nodes in cloud computing. With the large amount of data and user requests, achieving the optimal solution to the task scheduling problem is challenging, particularly in terms of cost and energy efficiency. In this paper, we develop novel strategies to save energy consumption across… More >

Haoran Wang¹, Shuhong Yang², Kuan Shao², Tao Xiao², Zhenyong Zhang^2,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.1, pp. 1-18, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.069404 - 10 November 2025

Abstract With the rapid development of the Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT), convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated potential and remarkable performance in AIoT applications due to their excellent performance in various inference tasks. However, the users have concerns about privacy leakage for the use of AI and the performance and efficiency of computing on resource-constrained IoT edge devices. Therefore, this paper proposes an efficient privacy-preserving CNN framework (i.e., EPPA) based on the Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) scheme for AIoT application scenarios. In the plaintext domain, we verify schemes with different activation structures to determine the… More >

Muhammad Adil^1,*, Mona M. Jamjoom², Zahid Ullah³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.3, pp. 4363-4380, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.066551 - 30 July 2025

Abstract In today’s digital world, the Internet of Things (IoT) plays an important role in both local and global economies due to its widespread adoption in different applications. This technology has the potential to offer several advantages over conventional technologies in the near future. However, the potential growth of this technology also attracts attention from hackers, which introduces new challenges for the research community that range from hardware and software security to user privacy and authentication. Therefore, we focus on a particular security concern that is associated with malware detection. The literature presents many countermeasures, but… More >

Arshiya Sajid Ansari^1,*, Ghadir Altuwaijri², Fahad Alodhyani¹, Moulay Ibrahim El-Khalil Ghembaza³, Shahabas Manakunnath Devasam Paramb³, Mohammad Sajid Mohammadi³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.83, No.3, pp. 3713-3752, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.064027 - 19 May 2025

Abstract IoT has emerged as a game-changing technology that connects numerous gadgets to networks for communication, processing, and real-time monitoring across diverse applications. Due to their heterogeneous nature and constrained resources, as well as the growing trend of using smart gadgets, there are privacy and security issues that are not adequately managed by conventional security measures. This review offers a thorough analysis of contemporary AI solutions designed to enhance security within IoT ecosystems. The intersection of AI technologies, including ML, and blockchain, with IoT privacy and security is systematically examined, focusing on their efficacy in addressing… More >

Usman Mahmood Malik¹, Muhammad Awais Javed², Ahmad Naseem Alvi², Mohammed Alkhathami^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.2, pp. 2255-2274, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.061254 - 17 February 2025

Abstract Fog computing is a key enabling technology of 6G systems as it provides quick and reliable computing, and data storage services which are required for several 6G applications. Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms will be an integral part of 6G systems and efficient task offloading techniques using fog computing will improve their performance and reliability. In this paper, the focus is on the scenario of Partial Offloading of a Task to Multiple Helpers (POMH) in which larger tasks are divided into smaller subtasks and processed in parallel, hence expediting task completion. However, using POMH presents challenges… More >

Ibraheem Al-Hejri¹, Farag Azzedin^1,*, Sultan Almuhammadi¹, Naeem Firdous Syed²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.79, No.3, pp. 4197-4218, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.047117 - 20 June 2024

Abstract The use of the Internet of Things (IoT) is expanding at an unprecedented scale in many critical applications due to the ability to interconnect and utilize a plethora of wide range of devices. In critical infrastructure domains like oil and gas supply, intelligent transportation, power grids, and autonomous agriculture, it is essential to guarantee the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data collected and exchanged. However, the limited resources coupled with the heterogeneity of IoT devices make it inefficient or sometimes infeasible to achieve secure data transmission using traditional cryptographic techniques. Consequently, designing a lightweight secure More >

Mohammad Aldossary^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.75, No.1, pp. 633-649, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.035414 - 06 February 2023

Abstract In the smart city paradigm, the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) services and solutions requires extensive communication and computing resources to place and process IoT applications in real time, which consumes a lot of energy and increases operational costs. Usually, IoT applications are placed in the cloud to provide high-quality services and scalable resources. However, the existing cloud-based approach should consider the above constraints to efficiently place and process IoT applications. In this paper, an efficient optimization approach for placing IoT applications in a multi-layer fog-cloud environment is proposed using a mathematical model (Mixed-Integer… More >

Samah Alshathri¹, Ezz El-Din Hemdan², Walid El-Shafai^3,4,*, Amged Sayed^5,6

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.75, No.1, pp. 183-196, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.034048 - 06 February 2023

Abstract In recent years, Digital Twin (DT) has gained significant interest from academia and industry due to the advanced in information technology, communication systems, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud Computing (CC), and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The main concept of the DT is to provide a comprehensive tangible, and operational explanation of any element, asset, or system. However, it is an extremely dynamic taxonomy developing in complexity during the life cycle that produces a massive amount of engendered data and information. Likewise, with the development of AI, digital twins can be redefined and could be a… More >

Qiang Zhi¹, Xiang Jiang¹, Hangying Zhang², Zhengshu Zhou³, Jianguo Ren¹, Tong Huang^4,*

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.46, No.1, pp. 389-402, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.035576 - 20 January 2023

Abstract The lightweight encryption algorithm based on Add-Rotation-XOR (ARX) operation has attracted much attention due to its high software affinity and fast operation speed. However, lacking an effective defense scheme for physical attacks limits the applications of the ARX algorithm. The critical challenge is how to weaken the direct dependence between the physical information and the secret key of the algorithm at a low cost. This study attempts to explore how to improve its physical security in practical application scenarios by analyzing the masking countermeasures of ARX algorithms and the leakage causes. Firstly, we specify a More >

Samir M. Umran^1,2, Songfeng Lu^1,3, Zaid Ameen Abduljabbar^1,4, Xueming Tang^1,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.74, No.3, pp. 5389-5416, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.034331 - 28 December 2022

Abstract There are numerous internet-connected devices attached to the industrial process through recent communication technologies, which enable machine-to-machine communication and the sharing of sensitive data through a new technology called the industrial internet of things (IIoTs). Most of the suggested security mechanisms are vulnerable to several cybersecurity threats due to their reliance on cloud-based services, external trusted authorities, and centralized architectures; they have high computation and communication costs, low performance, and are exposed to a single authority of failure and bottleneck. Blockchain technology (BC) is widely adopted in the industrial sector for its valuable features in… More >