Ahmed Abdel-Wahab¹, Mohammad Alkhatib^2,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.2, pp. 1-34, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.070010 - 09 December 2025

Abstract Deepfake is a sort of fake media made by advanced AI methods like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Deepfake technology has many useful uses in education and entertainment, but it also raises a lot of ethical, social, and security issues, such as identity theft, the dissemination of false information, and privacy violations. This study seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of several methods for identifying and circumventing Deepfakes, with a particular focus on image-based Deepfakes. There are three main types of detection methods: classical, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)-based, and hybrid methods. There are… More >

Muhammad Javed¹, Zhaohui Zhang^1,*, Fida Hussain Dahri², Asif Ali Laghari^3,*, Martin Krajčík⁴, Ahmad Almadhor⁵

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.1, pp. 1457-1493, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.062954 - 29 August 2025

Abstract Recent advances in artificial intelligence and the availability of large-scale benchmarks have made deepfake video generation and manipulation easier. Therefore, developing reliable and robust deepfake video detection mechanisms is paramount. This research introduces a novel real-time deepfake video detection framework by analyzing gaze and blink patterns, addressing the spatial-temporal challenges unique to gaze and blink anomalies using the TimeSformer and hybrid Transformer-CNN models. The TimeSformer architecture leverages spatial-temporal attention mechanisms to capture fine-grained blinking intervals and gaze direction anomalies. Compared to state-of-the-art traditional convolutional models like MesoNet and EfficientNet, which primarily focus on global facial… More >

Akanbi Bolakale AbdulQudus¹, Oluwatosin Ahmed Amodu^2,3,*, Umar Ali Bukar⁴, Raja Azlina Raja Mahmood², Anies Faziehan Zakaria⁵, Saki-Ogah Queen⁶, Zurina Mohd Hanapi²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.1, pp. 153-236, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.061427 - 09 June 2025

Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive bibliometric exposition on deepfake research, exploring the intersection of artificial intelligence and deepfakes as well as international collaborations, prominent researchers, organizations, institutions, publications, and key themes. We performed a search on the Web of Science (WoS) database, focusing on Artificial Intelligence and Deepfakes, and filtered the results across 21 research areas, yielding 1412 articles. Using VOSviewer visualization tool, we analyzed this WoS data through keyword co-occurrence graphs, emphasizing on four prominent research themes. Compared with existing bibliometric papers on deepfakes, this paper proceeds to identify and discuss some of the… More >

Priyadharsini Selvaraj^1,*, Senthil Kumar Jagatheesaperumal², Karthiga Marimuthu¹, Oviya Saravanan¹, Bader Fahad Alkhamees³, Mohammad Mehedi Hassan^3,*

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.143, No.2, pp. 1575-1594, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.064138 - 30 May 2025

Abstract With expeditious advancements in AI-driven facial manipulation techniques, particularly deepfake technology, there is growing concern over its potential misuse. Deepfakes pose a significant threat to society, particularly by infringing on individuals’ privacy. Amid significant endeavors to fabricate systems for identifying deepfake fabrications, existing methodologies often face hurdles in adjusting to innovative forgery techniques and demonstrate increased vulnerability to image and video clarity variations, thereby hindering their broad applicability to images and videos produced by unfamiliar technologies. In this manuscript, we endorse resilient training tactics to amplify generalization capabilities. In adversarial training, models are trained using More >

Qin Wang¹, Xiaofeng Wang^2,*, Jianghua Li², Ruidong Han², Zinian Liu¹, Mingtao Guo³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.83, No.3, pp. 4607-4621, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.063141 - 19 May 2025

Abstract The majority of current deepfake detection methods are constrained to identifying one or two specific types of counterfeit images, which limits their ability to keep pace with the rapid advancements in deepfake technology. Therefore, in this study, we propose a novel algorithm, Stereo Mixture Density Network (SMNDNet), which can detect multiple types of deepfake face manipulations using a single network framework. SMNDNet is an end-to-end CNN-based network specially designed for detecting various manipulation types of deepfake face images. First, we design a Subtle Distinguishable Feature Enhancement Module to emphasize the differentiation between authentic and forged… More >

Xinyi Wang^*, Wanru Song, Chuanyan Hao, Feng Liu

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.83, No.2, pp. 3351-3368, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.062922 - 16 April 2025

Abstract As Deepfake technology continues to evolve, the distinction between real and fake content becomes increasingly blurred. Most existing Deepfake video detection methods rely on single-frame facial image features, which limits their ability to capture temporal differences between frames. Current methods also exhibit limited generalization capabilities, struggling to detect content generated by unknown forgery algorithms. Moreover, the diversity and complexity of forgery techniques introduced by Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) present significant challenges for traditional detection frameworks, which must balance high detection accuracy with robust performance. To address these challenges, we propose a novel Deepfake detection… More >

Zhimao Lai^1,2, Saad Arif³, Cong Feng⁴, Guangjun Liao⁵, Chuntao Wang^6,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.1, pp. 73-102, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.059370 - 03 January 2025

Abstract With the rapid advancement of visual generative models such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and stable Diffusion, the creation of highly realistic Deepfake through automated forgery has significantly progressed. This paper examines the advancements in Deepfake detection and defense technologies, emphasizing the shift from passive detection methods to proactive digital watermarking techniques. Passive detection methods, which involve extracting features from images or videos to identify forgeries, encounter challenges such as poor performance against unknown manipulation techniques and susceptibility to counter-forensic tactics. In contrast, proactive digital watermarking techniques embed specific markers into images or videos, facilitating More >

Dunya Ahmed Alkurdi^1,2,*, Mesut Cevik², Abdurrahim Akgundogdu³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.3, pp. 4285-4305, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.057029 - 19 December 2024

Abstract Deepfake has emerged as an obstinate challenge in a world dominated by light. Here, the authors introduce a new deepfake detection method based on Xception architecture. The model is tested exhaustively with millions of frames and diverse video clips; accuracy levels as high as 99.65% are reported. These are the main reasons for such high efficacy: superior feature extraction capabilities and stable training mechanisms, such as early stopping, characterizing the Xception model. The methodology applied is also more advanced when it comes to data preprocessing steps, making use of state-of-the-art techniques applied to ensure constant… More >

Yin Ni¹, Wu Zeng^2,*, Peng Xia¹, Guang Stanley Yang³, Ruochen Tan⁴

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.79, No.3, pp. 5295-5312, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.049911 - 20 June 2024

Abstract Deepfake-generated fake faces, commonly utilized in identity-related activities such as political propaganda, celebrity impersonations, evidence forgery, and familiar fraud, pose new societal threats. Although current deepfake generators strive for high realism in visual effects, they do not replicate biometric signals indicative of cardiac activity. Addressing this gap, many researchers have developed detection methods focusing on biometric characteristics. These methods utilize classification networks to analyze both temporal and spectral domain features of the remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) signal, resulting in high detection accuracy. However, in the spectral analysis, existing approaches often only consider the power spectral density… More >

Wenkai Qin¹, Tianliang Lu^1,*, Lu Zhang², Shufan Peng¹, Da Wan¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.77, No.1, pp. 467-490, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.042417 - 31 October 2023

Abstract With the rapid development of deepfake technology, the authenticity of various types of fake synthetic content is increasing rapidly, which brings potential security threats to people's daily life and social stability. Currently, most algorithms define deepfake detection as a binary classification problem, i.e., global features are first extracted using a backbone network and then fed into a binary classifier to discriminate true or false. However, the differences between real and fake samples are often subtle and local, and such global feature-based detection algorithms are not optimal in efficiency and accuracy. To this end, to enhance… More >