Filomena Emanuela Laddaga1, Pamela Pinto2, Bruna Daraia2, Antonio D’amato3,4, Stella D’oronzo3,5, Stefano Martinotti3,6,*, Francesco Gaudio2,3,*
BIOCELL, Vol.49, No.7, pp. 1185-1206, 2025, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.063572
- 25 July 2025
Abstract Checkpoint inhibitors, particularly programmed cell death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors, have significantly advanced the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), especially in relapsed or refractory cases. However, challenges such as resistance, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and the need for effective patient selection remain. This review aims to explore the mechanisms of resistance to checkpoint inhibitors, including alterations in the tumor microenvironment, loss of antigen presentation, and T-cell exhaustion. Overcoming resistance may involve combination therapies, such as pairing PD-1 inhibitors with other immune checkpoint inhibitors or targeted therapies like Brentuximab vedotin. Additionally, next-generation inhibitors targeting molecules like More >
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