Hussein Abulkasim^1,*, Eatedal Alabdulkreem², Safwat Hamad³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.1, pp. 225-232, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.025727 - 18 May 2022

Abstract Quantum key agreement is a promising key establishing protocol that can play a significant role in securing 5G/6G communication networks. Recently, Liu et al. (Quantum Information Processing 18(8):1-10, 2019) proposed a multi-party quantum key agreement protocol based on four-qubit cluster states was proposed. The aim of their protocol is to agree on a shared secret key among multiple remote participants. Liu et al. employed four-qubit cluster states to be the quantum resources and the X operation to securely share a secret key. In addition, Liu et al.'s protocol guarantees that each participant makes an equal More >

Gang Xu¹, Rui-Ting Shan², Xiu-Bo Chen², Mianxiong Dong³, Yu-Ling Chen^4,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 339-349, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017968 - 04 June 2021

Abstract With the emergence of classical communication security problems, quantum communication has been studied more extensively. In this paper, a novel probabilistic hierarchical quantum information splitting protocol is designed by using a non-maximally entangled four-qubit cluster state. Firstly, the sender Alice splits and teleports an arbitrary one-qubit secret state invisibly to three remote agents Bob, Charlie, and David. One agent David is in high grade, the other two agents Bob and Charlie are in low grade. Secondly, the receiver in high grade needs the assistance of one agent in low grade, while the receiver in low… More >

Gang Xu^1,2,*, Ke Xiao^1,*, Zongpeng Li³, Xin-Xin Niu^2,4, Michael Ryan⁵

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.58, No.3, pp. 809-827, 2019, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2019.04400

Abstract In this paper, we first re-examine the previous protocol of controlled quantum secure direct communication of Zhang et al.’s scheme, which was found insecure under two kinds of attacks, fake entangled particles attack and disentanglement attack. Then, by changing the party of the preparation of cluster states and using unitary operations, we present an improved protocol which can avoid these two kinds of attacks. Moreover, the protocol is proposed using the three-qubit partially entangled set of states. It is more efficient by only using three particles rather than four or even more to transmit one More >