Weeradech Kiratitanavit¹, Sethumadhavan Ravichandran²,Zhiyu Xia¹, Jayant Kumar^3,4, Ramaswamy Nagarajan^1,4,*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.1, No.4, pp. 289-301, 2013, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2013.634126

Abstract Globally, certain types of halogenated fl ame retardant additives (FR) are becoming increasingly regulated or banned from being used in polymers. There is an immediate need for alternative non-toxic thermally stable polymers and char-forming additives. Development of non-halogenated FR for the commonly used and highly fl ammable thermoplastics, namely polyolefi ns, is particularly important and challenging. This research explores the possibility of utilizing char-forming compounds based on polymer of cardanol as an additive that can lower the heat release capacity (HRC) when blended with polypropylene (PP). Polycardanol is thermally stable and exhibits moderate HRC upon More >

Kunal Wazarkar, Anagha Sabnis^*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.8, No.1, pp. 57-68, 2020, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2020.07773

Abstract In the present research, cardanol based di-acrylic UV oligomer was synthesized by thiol-ene coupling followed by ring opening reaction with glycidyl methacrylate. The intermediate as well as final diacrylate materials were analyzed by chemical as well as spectroscopic analysis. Further, ultraviolet (UV) radiation curable formulations were prepared by replacing commercial epoxy acrylate with synthesized UV oligomer in 10-50 wt% and applied on wood panels. The coated films were then evaluated for their optical, mechanical, chemical and thermal properties. Studies showed that up to 30 wt% amount of UV oligomer the coatings exhibited at par mechanical More >

Puyou Jia¹, Fei Song¹, Qiaoguang Li^2,*, Haoyu Xia³, Mei Li^1,*, Xugang Shu², Yonghong Zhou¹

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.7, No.7, pp. 601-619, 2019, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2019.07011

Abstract Polymers from renewable resources are receiving tremendous attention due to the increasing concerns on the depletion of fossil oils and deteriorated environments. Cardanol, as an abundant and renewable chemical raw material, has been widely used for the production of renewable polymer materials via converting into various of chemical monomers with active functional groups. This comprehensive review deals with various aspects of cardanol as a starting material the preparing various polymer and polymer composites such as benzoxazine resins, phenolic resin, polyurethanes, epoxy resin, vinyl ester polymers, polyamide and cyanate ester resins. The assessment of the future More >

Maha L. Shrestha^1,2,*, Mihail Ionescu¹, Xianmei Wan¹, Thomas Upshaw³

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.6, No.6, pp. 630-641, 2018, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2018.634106

Abstract Aromatic-aliphatic polyols were obtained previously from the thiol-ene reactions of propoxylated cardanol with hydroxyalkyl mercaptans; these aromatic-aliphatic polyols were then utilized in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams with excellent properties. The current work describes a variant of cardanol polyol synthesis by thiol-ene reactions in three steps. The first step is propoxylation of cardanol by reacting cardanol with propylene oxide; the second step is mercaptanization of propoxylated cardanol by reacting double bonds with hydrogen sulfide; and the third step involves the addition of the thiol groups of mercaptanized propoxylated cardanol to the double bonds of More >

Kunal Wazarkar, Anagha Sabnis*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.6, No.5, pp. 517-528, 2018, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2017.634181

Abstract This research work discloses the preparation of polyurethane coatings from cardanol modified using thiolene chemistry, wherein unsaturated long alkyl chain of cardanol was successfully utilized via thiol-ene click reaction to synthesize polyol. For this purpose, cardanol and thioglycerol was reacted in the presence of Irgacure 184 (photoinitiator) and 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (catalyst) and exposed to UV light for 12 h at 80 °C. One mole of thioglycerol was successfully added across the double bond of fatty chain of cardanol and confirmed by chemical and spectroscopic analysis. Further, the polyol thus prepared was cured with various polyisocyanates, viz., More >

Maha L. Shrestha^{1, 2,*}, Mihail Ionescu¹, Xianmei Wan¹, Zoran S. Petrović¹

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.6, No.5, pp. 504-516, 2018, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2017.634187

Abstract Biobased aromatic-aliphatic polyols were previously synthesized from a thermal thiol-ene reaction of propoxylated cardanol with 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as a radical initiator. Cardanol used for this purpose was obtained as a dark-brown liquid (Gardner Color Reference ∼18). The photochemical thiol-ene reaction can also be used to prepare aromatic-aliphatic polyols by employing cardanol. Via the photochemical thiol-ene reaction, 2-mercaptoethanol was added successfully to C=C double bond of cardanol, suggesting that phenolic group may not play an inhibitory role in the radical thiol-ene reaction. However, we preferred to alkoxylate the phenolic hydroxyl More >

Kunal Wazarkar, Anagha Sabnis*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.6, No.4, pp. 438-449, 2018, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2017.634159

Abstract The research work presented in this article deals with the synthesis of cardanol-based polyol and its curing with hexabutoxymethyl melamine (HBMM) for application in coatings. Cardanol-based polyol was prepared via thiol-ene click reaction using thioglycerol. Unsaturation present in the long chain of cardanol was successfully utilized to synthesize polyol via thiol-ene coupling. The reaction was carried out between cardanol and thioglycerol in the presence of Irgacure 184 (photoinitiator) and 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (catalyst) under UV light for 12 h at 80 °C. After completion of the reaction, one mole of thioglycerol was successfully added across the double More >

Maha L. Shrestha¹, Mihail Ionescu^1*, Xianmei Wan¹, Nikola Bilić¹, Zoran S. Petrović¹, Tom Upshaw²

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.6, No.1, pp. 87-101, 2018, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2017.634153

Abstract Cardanol is a natural phenol which is obtained from high vacuum distillation of cashew nut shell liquid. It contains a hydrocarbon chain of 15 carbon atoms in the meta position, either with one, two or three non-conjugated double bonds. This article describes thermal thiol-ene reaction to synthesize new cardanol-based polyols for polyurethanes with aromatic-aliphatic structure. Phenolic hydroxyl group was blocked by alkoxylation and 2-mercaptoethanol was added to the double bonds of propoxylated cardanol. The resultant product is a mixture of polyols that may contain one, two, three or four hydroxyl groups, as a function of the More >

Xiaoying Li¹, Xiaoan Nie^1,2*, Jie Chen¹, Yigang Wang¹, Ke Li¹

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.5, No.2, pp. 154-164, 2017, DOI:10.7569/JRM.2017.634101

Abstract Cardanol, an agricultural by-product of the industrial processing of cashew, was used to synthesize epoxidized cardanol laurate (ECDL) plasticizer. The target product was characterized using FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The plasticizing effect of ECDL substitution for petroleum-based plasticizer dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in soft poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and mechanical testing, and compared to PVC incorporated with commercial epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). When DOP was partially substituted by EDCL, there was a slight increase of 5% in glass transition temperature (Tg) and a maximum increase… More >