Abeer S. Al-Humaimeedy^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.3, pp. 5207-5236, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.068273 - 23 October 2025

Abstract This paper presents 3RVAV (Three-Round Voting with Advanced Validation), a novel Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus protocol combining Proof-of-Stake with a multi-phase voting mechanism. The protocol introduces three layers of randomized committee voting with distinct participant roles (Validators, Delegators, and Users), achieving -threshold approval per round through a verifiable random function (VRF)-based selection process. Our security analysis demonstrates 3RVAV provides resistance to Sybil attacks with participants and stake , while maintaining communication complexity. Experimental simulations show 3247 TPS throughput with 4-s finality, representing a 5.8× improvement over Algorand’s committee-based approach. The proposed protocol achieves approximately 4.2-s More >

Peiying Zhang^1,2,*, Yihong Yu^1,2, Jing Liu³, Chong Lv^1,2, Lizhuang Tan^4,5, Yulin Zhang^6,7,8

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.83, No.3, pp. 4393-4409, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.064654 - 19 May 2025

Abstract As Internet of Things (IoT) technologies continue to evolve at an unprecedented pace, intelligent big data control and information systems have become critical enablers for organizational digital transformation, facilitating data-driven decision making, fostering innovation ecosystems, and maintaining operational stability. In this study, we propose an advanced deployment algorithm for Service Function Chaining (SFC) that leverages an enhanced Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) mechanism. The main goal is to tackle the issues of security and resource efficiency in SFC implementation across diverse network settings. By integrating blockchain technology and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), our algorithm not… More >

Muhammad Muntasir Yakubu^1,2,*, Mohd Fadzil B Hassan^1,3, Kamaluddeen Usman Danyaro¹, Aisha Zahid Junejo⁴, Muhammed Siraj⁵, Saidu Yahaya¹, Shamsuddeen Adamu¹, Kamal Abdulsalam⁶

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.48, No.6, pp. 1437-1481, 2024, DOI:10.32604/csse.2024.054556 - 22 November 2024

Abstract This study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) of blockchain consensus mechanisms, an essential protocols that maintain the integrity, reliability, and decentralization of distributed ledger networks. The aim is to comprehensively investigate prominent mechanisms’ security features and vulnerabilities, emphasizing their security considerations, applications, challenges, and future directions. The existing literature offers valuable insights into various consensus mechanisms’ strengths, limitations, and security vulnerabilities and their real-world applications. However, there remains a gap in synthesizing and analyzing this knowledge systematically. Addressing this gap would facilitate a structured approach to understanding consensus mechanisms’ security and vulnerabilities comprehensively. The… More >

Zhiruo Zhang, Feng Wang^*, Yang Liu, Yang Lu, Xinlei Liu

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.76, No.3, pp. 3113-3129, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.040600 - 08 October 2023

Abstract The consensus protocol is one of the core technologies in blockchain, which plays a crucial role in ensuring the block generation rate, consistency, and safety of the blockchain system. Blockchain systems mainly adopt the Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocol, which often suffers from slow consensus speed and high communication consumption to prevent Byzantine nodes from disrupting the consensus. In this paper, this paper proposes a new dual-mode consensus protocol based on node identity authentication. It divides the consensus process into two subprotocols: Check_BFT and Fast_BFT. In Check_BFT, the replicas authenticate the primary’s identity by monitoring… More >

D. Palanikkumar¹, Adel Fahad Alrasheedi², P. Parthasarathi³, S. S. Askar², Mohamed Abouhawwash^4,5,*

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.44, No.1, pp. 457-469, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.024884 - 01 June 2022

Abstract Data management becomes essential component of patient healthcare. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) performs a wireless communication between E-medical applications and human being. Instead of consulting a doctor in the hospital, patients get health related information remotely from the physician. The main issues in the E-Medical application are lack of safety, security and privacy preservation of patient’s health care data. To overcome these issues, this work proposes block chain based IoMT Processed with Hybrid consensus protocol for secured storage. Patients health data is collected from physician, smart devices etc. The main goal is to store More >

Yihuai Liang, Yan Li, Byeong-Seok Shin^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.68, No.3, pp. 2825-2842, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.016682 - 06 May 2021

Abstract A centralized trusted execution environment (TEE) has been extensively studied to provide secure and trusted computing. However, a TEE might become a throughput bottleneck if it is used to evaluate data quality when collecting large-scale data in a crowdsourcing system. It may also have security problems compromised by attackers. Here, we propose a scheme, named dTEE, for building a platform for providing distributed trusted computing by leveraging TEEs. The platform is used as an infrastructure of trusted computations for blockchain-based crowdsourcing systems, especially to securely evaluate data quality and manage remuneration: these operations are handled… More >

Huanrong Tang, Yaojing Sun, Jianquan Ouyang^*

Journal of Cyber Security, Vol.2, No.4, pp. 167-182, 2020, DOI:10.32604/jcs.2020.011341 - 07 December 2020

Abstract With the rapid development of blockchain technology, more and more people are paying attention to the consensus mechanism of blockchain. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), as the first efficient consensus algorithm solving the Byzantine Generals Problem, plays an important role. But PBFT also has its problems. First, it runs in a completely closed environment, and any node can't join or exit without rebooting the system. Second, the communication complexity in the network is as high as O(n2), which makes the algorithm only applicable to small-scale networks. For these problems, this paper proposes an Optimized consensus… More >