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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    AGV Scheduling and Bidirectional Conflict-Free Routing Problem with Battery Swapping in Automated Container Terminals

    He Huang, Jin Zhu*

    CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.144, No.2, pp. 1717-1748, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.068384 - 31 August 2025

    Abstract Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are key equipment in automated container terminals (ACTs), and their operational efficiency can be impacted by conflicts and battery swapping. Additionally, AGVs have bidirectional transportation capabilities, allowing them to move in the opposite direction without turning around, which helps reduce transportation time. This paper aims at the problem of AGV scheduling and bidirectional conflict-free routing with battery swapping in automated terminals. A bi-level mixed integer programming (MIP) model is proposed, taking into account task assignment, bidirectional conflict-free routing, and battery swapping. The upper model focuses on container task assignment and AGV… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    An Improved Multi-Objective Hybrid Genetic-Simulated Annealing Algorithm for AGV Scheduling under Composite Operation Mode

    Jiamin Xiang1, Ying Zhang1, Xiaohua Cao1,*, Zhigang Zhou2

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.77, No.3, pp. 3443-3466, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.045120 - 26 December 2023

    Abstract This paper presents an improved hybrid algorithm and a multi-objective model to tackle the scheduling problem of multiple Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) under the composite operation mode. The multi-objective model aims to minimize the maximum completion time, the total distance covered by AGVs, and the distance traveled while empty-loaded. The improved hybrid algorithm combines the improved genetic algorithm (GA) and the simulated annealing algorithm (SA) to strengthen the local search ability of the algorithm and improve the stability of the calculation results. Based on the characteristics of the composite operation mode, the authors introduce the… More >

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