Open Access

REVIEW

Review and prospect of immune checkpoint blockade therapy represented by PD-1/PD-L1 in the treatment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

WENFEI GE^1,#, SHIYAN SONG^1,#, XIAOCHEN QI^1,#, FENG CHEN^1,#, XIANGYU CHE¹, YONGHAO SUN¹, JIN WANG¹, XIAOWEI LI², NANA LIU³, QIFEI WANG^1,*, GUANGZHEN WU^1,*

1 Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
2 Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
3 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China

* Corresponding Authors: QIFEI WANG. Email: ; GUANGZHEN WU. Email:

Oncology Research 2023, 31(3), 255-270. https://doi.org/10.32604/or.2023.027942

Received 22 November 2022; Accepted 02 February 2023; Issue published 22 May 2023

Abstract

As a common tumor of the urinary system, the morbidity and mortality related to renal carcinoma, are increasing annually. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma, accounting for approximately 75% of the total number of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Currently, the clinical treatment of ccRCC involves targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and a combination of the two. In immunotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 blocking of activated T cells to kill cancer cells is the most common treatment. However, as treatment progresses, some patients gradually develop resistance to immunotherapy. Meanwhile, other patients experience great side effects after immunotherapy, resulting in a survival status far lower than the expected survival rate. Based on these clinical problems, many researchers have been working on the improvement of tumor immunotherapy in recent years and have accumulated numerous research results. We hope to find a more suitable direction for future immunotherapy for ccRCC by combining these results and the latest research progress.

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