Open Access

REVIEW

The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Oncotherapy

Caiqi Liu^*, Ci Han^†, Jinfeng Liu^‡

* Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
† Department of Critical Care Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
‡ Department of Pain, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China

Oncology Research 2019, 27(8), 965-978. https://doi.org/10.3727/096504019X15498329881440

Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are associated with tumor growth and immunosuppression, as well as apoptosis and immune system activation. TLRs can activate apoptosis and innate and adaptive immunity pathways, which can be pharmacologically targeted for the development of anticancer oncotherapies. Several studies and clinical trials indicate that TLR agonists are promising adjuvants or elements of novel therapies, particularly when used in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. An increasing number of studies suggest that the activation of TLRs in various cancer types is related to oncotherapy; however, before this finding can be applied to clinical practice, additional studies are required. Research suggests that TLR agonists may have potential applications in cancer therapy; nevertheless, because TLR signaling can also promote tumorigenesis, a critical and comprehensive evaluation of TLR action is warranted. This review focuses on recent studies that have assessed the strengths and weaknesses of utilizing TLR agonists as potential anticancer agents.

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