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FOXR2 in cancer development: emerging player and therapeutic opportunities

PIAO YANG1, MOHSEN SHEYKHHASAN2,*, REZA HEIDARI3, MOHSEN CHAMANARA4,5, PAOLA DAMA6, AMIRHOSSEIN AHMADIEH-YAZDI7, HAMED MANOOCHEHRI8, HAMID TANZADEHPANAH9, HANIE MAHAKI10, NASER KALHOR11, ASHKAN DIRBAZIYAN12, SHARAFALDIN AL-MUSAWI13
1 Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
2 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
3 Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5 Student Research Committee, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6 Research Fellow School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
7 Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
8 The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
9 Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10 Vascular & Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
11 Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom, Iran
12 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
13 College of Food Sciences, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq
* Corresponding Author: Mohsen Sheykhhasan, email

Oncology Research https://doi.org/10.32604/or.2024.052939

Received 19 April 2024; Accepted 26 August 2024; Published online 14 September 2024

Abstract

Cancer, a leading cause of global mortality, remains a significant challenge to increasing life expectancy worldwide. Forkhead Box R2 (FOXR2), identified as an oncogene within the FOX gene family, plays a crucial role in developing various endoderm-derived organs. Recent studies have elucidated FOXR2-related pathways and their involvement in both tumor and non-tumor diseases. Dysregulation of FOXR2 has been linked to numerous malignant tumors, spanning the brain, nervous system, thyroid, osteosarcoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, lung, breast, ovarian, prostate, female genital tract, endometrial, and uterine cancers. Despite extensive research on FOXR2 dysregulation, its practical applications remain underexplored. This review delves into the mechanisms underlying FOXR2 dysregulation during oncogenesis and its implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

Keywords

Forkhead Box R2 (FOXR2); Dysregulation; Cancer; Therapeutic; Prognostic

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