JRM-Vol. 12, No. 8, 2024

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This study utilizes environmentally friendly furfuryl alcohol, along with low-cost boric acid and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate modifiers, to enhance the fire-retardant and smoke-suppressing properties of wood. Through in-situ polymerization of furfuryl alcohol, boric acid and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate are encapsulated and cross-linked with the wood cell walls, ensuring efficient fixation of the modifiers inside the wood. This treated material holds significant promise as a structural wood building material with improved safety and sustainability.

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Vol.12, No.8, 2024-Table of Contents

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ARTICLE

Biobased Furfurylated Poplar Wood for Flame-Retardant Modification with Boric Acid and Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate
Ming Ni¹, Lei Li¹, Yiqiang Wu^1,*, Jianzheng Qiao¹, Yan Qing¹, Ping Li², Yingfeng Zuo^1,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.8, pp. 1355-1368, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.054050
Abstract Furfurylated wood exhibits excellent dimensional stability and corrosion resistance, making it a promising material for constructing buildings, but it is highly flammable. Herein, flame-retardant furfurylated poplar wood was produced via a two-step process utilizing boric acid (BA) and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) as flame-retardant components, and biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol (FA) as a modifier. The acidity of BA and ADP allowed them to catalyze the polymerization of FA, which formed a cross-linked network that immobilized BA and ADP inside the wood. The addition of BA/ADP substantially delayed the time to ignition from 10 to 385 s More >
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The Adsorption Properties of TEMPO Oxidized Cellulose against the Mixture of Methylene Blue and Rhemazol Yellow FG
I. Putu Mahendra^*, Kartika Dinita
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.8, pp. 1369-1382, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.053001
Abstract TEMPO/NaOCl/NaBr treatment significantly increased the number of negative charges on the cellulose surface. Two concentrations of NaOCl, 5 and 30 mmol/g of cellulose, were used in this study. The number of carboxyl groups in the two cellulosic samples oxidized using TEMPO/NaOCl/NaBr was 0.5160 and 1.8461 mmol/g of cellulose, respectively. The oxidized cellulose samples treated with 5 and 30 mmol/g NaOCl exhibited higher crystallinity, at 81.15% and 80.14%, respectively, compared to untreated cellulose, which had a crystallinity of 75.95%. The pH effect indicated that the highest adsorption capacity for methylene blue was achieved under alkaline conditions… More >
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Influence of Formulation and Hot-Pressing Conditions on the Performance of Bio-Based Molasses Adhesive for Plywood
Jajang Sutiawan¹, Alifah Syahfitri², Sukma Surya Kusumah¹, Dede Hermawan^2,*, Rita Kartika Sari², Luthfi Hakim³, Efri Mardawati^4,5, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis^1,4,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.8, pp. 1383-1397, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.052052
Abstract Molasses can serve as a natural adhesive for plywood and particleboard. However, several disadvantages remain, including lower dimensional stability and low bonding strength compared to other adhesives. Therefore, modifications are needed to use molasses as an adhesive for plywood. This research aims to improve bio-based molasses (MO) adhesive for plywood using citric acid (CA) adhesive. In addition, this research aims to analyze the effect of adding citric acid and to investigate the optimum hot-pressing temperature to produce the best quality plywood. In the first stage, the molasses and citric acid were combined in a ratio… More >
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Alkali and Plasma-Treated Guadua angustifolia Bamboo Fibers: A Study on Reinforcement Potential for Polymeric Matrices
Patricia Luna^1,*, Juan Lizarazo-Marriaga¹, Alvaro Mariño²
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.8, pp. 1399-1416, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.052669
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: Processing, Manufacturing, Characterizations and Environmentally Friendly Applications)
Abstract This study focuses on treating Guadua angustifolia bamboo fibers to enhance their properties for reinforcement applications in composite materials. Chemical (alkali) and physical (dry etching plasma) treatments were used separately to augment compatibility of Guadua angustifolia fibers with various composite matrices. The influence of these treatments on the fibers’ performance, chemical composition, and surface morphology were analyzed. Statistical analysis indicated that alkali treatments reduced the tensile modulus of elasticity and strength of fibers by up to 40% and 20%, respectively, whereas plasma treatments maintain the fibers’ mechanical performance. FTIR spectroscopy revealed significant alterations in chemical composition due More >
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Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Surface Quality of Wood from Bosnia and Herzegovina Exposed to Outdoor Conditions
Redžo Hasanagić^1,*, Umejr Šljivo¹, Leila Fathi², Pallavi Gautam³, Mohsen Bahmani^2,*, Miha Humar⁴
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.8, pp. 1417-1431, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.052826
Abstract This study investigated the mechanical properties of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and fir (Abies alba) wood from Bosnia and Herzegovina under outdoor exposure. Samples were exposed for 3-month exposure to assess bending strength, color changes, and surface quality. Results showed outdoor exposure negatively affected mechanical properties, particularly in samples with extended finger joints, causing significant surface cracks in uncoated samples. Beech wood exhibited notable color changes under exposure, with approximately 50% darkening without coating compared to 25% under covered conditions. Coated samples displayed minimal color changes, affirming the efficacy of surface treatment. Fir wood exhibited a roughness More >
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Properties of Activated Carbons from Sugarcane Leaves and Rice Straw Derived Charcoals by Activation at Low Temperature via KMnO₄ Pre-Oxidation-Hydrolysis
Sumrit Mopoung^*, Narissara Namkaew, Sasiwan Srikasaem
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.8, pp. 1433-1454, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.052925
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Biochar and Carbon-Based Materials Characteristics and Environment Applications)
Abstract Activated carbon preparation from sugarcane leaves and rice straw by carbonization (250°C–400°C) and activation at 500°C were studied. The effects of pre-oxidation, hydrolysis of derived charcoals by boiled KMnO₄ aqueous solution were evaluated. The derived charcoals products were pretreated using oxidation-hydrolysis with 1–5 wt.% KMnO₄ at 100°C and then activated at 500°C. The derived charcoal and activated carbon products were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDS and BET. Iodine number and methylene blue number of derived products were also used for the analysis of the products. It was found that fabricated charcoal materials made at 350°C–400°C possess… More >
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Isolation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Wood and Fabrication of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Based Green Biocomposites
Selwin Maria Sekar¹, Rajini Nagarajan^1,*, Ponsuriyaprakash Selvakumar², Ismail Sikiru Oluwarotimi³, Kumar Krishnan⁴, Faruq Mohammad⁵, Mohammed Rafi Shaik⁵, Nadir Ayrilmis^6,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.8, pp. 1455-1474, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.052952
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Environmentally Friendly Wood-Based Composites Based on Sustainable Technologies and Renewable Materials)
Abstract An innovative microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) natural fibre powder-reinforced PLA biocomposite was investigated using the hand lay-up technique. The polymer matrix composite (PMC) samples were prepared by varying the weight percentages (wt.%) of both PLA matrix and MCC reinforcement: pure PLA/100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 wt.%, respectively. From the results obtained, MCC powder, with its impressive aspect ratio, proved to be an ideal reinforcement for the PLA, exhibiting exceptional mechanical properties. It was evident that the 80:20 wt.% biocomposite sample exhibited the maximum improvement in the tensile, flexural, notched impact, compressive strength and hardness… More >

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Effect of Processing and Cultivar on Thermo-Chemical Properties of Australian-Grown Hemp Hurd (Cannabis sativa L.)
Johannes Fehrmann^1,*, Benoit Belleville¹, Barbara Ozarska¹, Maya Ismayati², Wahyu Dwianto²
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.8, pp. 1475-1493, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.053741
Abstract This study explored the thermo-chemical properties of industrial hemp hurd with different provenances, maturity stages, and retting protocols. The findings were then compared to hemp hurd used in the fabrication of citric acid-bonded ultra-low-density hemp hurd particleboard. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to document the variability of the hurd and comprehend the potential impact on biobased composite applications. The choice of cultivar, maturity stage, and processing modality significantly influenced the chemical composition, presence of functional groups, and thermal stability of the hurd. Py-GC/MS revealed substantial variations… More >
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