JRM-Vol. 12, No. 7, 2024

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This study shows a straightforward and safe way of preparing lignin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) adhesives using two kinds of technical lignin for wood bonding. These NIPU adhesives provided strong adhesion and nearly no formaldehyde emission with plywood. These results showed a great potential of lignin as a bio-polyol for synthesizing lignin-based NIPU adhesives for wood bonding.

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Vol.12, No.7, 2024-Table of Contents

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REVIEW

Overview of the Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Tannin-Glyoxal Adhesive for Wood-Based Composites
Awanda Wira Anggini^1,2, Rita Kartika Sari², Efri Mardawati^3,4, Tati Karliati⁵, Apri Heri Iswanto⁶, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis^1,4,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1165-1186, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.051854
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Environmentally Friendly Wood-Based Composites Based on Sustainable Technologies and Renewable Materials)
Abstract More than a century after its initial synthesis, urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins still have dominant applications as adhesives, paints, and coatings. However, formaldehyde in this industry produces formaldehyde emissions that are dangerous to health. Scientists have spent the last decade replacing formaldehyde and phenol with environmentally friendly substances such as glyoxal and tannin to create bio-based adhesives. This review covers recent advances in synthesizing glyoxal tannin-based resins, especially those made from sustainable raw material substitutes and changes made to synthetic processes to improve mechanical properties. The efficacy of using tannin-glyoxal adhesives in producing wood-based composites has… More >
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Adhesion of Technical Lignin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Adhesives for Wood Bonding
Jaewook Lee¹, Byung-Dae Park^1,*, Qinglin Wu²
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1187-1205, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.049948
Abstract Lignin is the most abundant aromatic natural polymer, and receiving great attention in replacing various petroleum-based polymers. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of technical lignin as a polyol for the synthesis of non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) adhesives to substitute current polyurethane (PU) adhesives that have been synthesized with toxic isocyanate and polyols. Crude hardwood kraft lignin (C-HKL) was extracted from black liquor from a pulp mill followed by acetone fractionation to obtain acetone soluble-HKL (AS-HKL). Then, C-HKL, AS-HKL, and softwood sodium lignosulfonate (LS) were used for the synthesis of technical lignin-based… More >
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Conversion of Lignin into Porous Carbons for High-Performance Supercapacitors via Spray Drying and KOH Activation: Structure-Properties Relationship and Reaction Mechanism
Shihao Feng^1,2,3, Qin Ouyang^1,2,*, Jing Huang^1,2, Xilin Zhang³, Zhongjun Ma⁴, Kun Liang^1,2, Qing Huang^1,2,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1207-1218, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.052579
Abstract Lignin-derived porous carbons have emerged as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, the challenge remains in designing and controlling their structure to achieve ideal electrochemical performance due to the complex molecular structure of lignin and its intricate chemical reactions during the activation process. In this study, three porous carbons were synthesized from lignin by spray drying and chemical activation with varying KOH ratios. The specific surface area and structural order of the prepared porous carbon continued to increase with the increase of the KOH ratio. Thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) was employed to track the molecular fragments More >
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Advanced Nanocomposite Arabic Gum Polyacrylic Acid Hydrogels for Flexible Supercapacitors
Borhan Albiss^*, Asala Saleh
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1219-1236, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.050685
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Regenerative Hydrogels from Natural and Synthetic Materials)
Abstract In this work, the fabrication and characterization of the nanocomposite hydrogel, as a solid electrode in electrochemical cell and gel electrolyte material using Indium titanium oxide/polyethylene terephthalate (ITO/PET) flexible substrate for double-layer supercapacitors have been reported. The nanocomposite hydrogel composed of Arabic gum (AG), Acrylic acid (AA), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was fabricated via a physical cross-linked polymerization reaction, in which the ascorbic acid was used as a reducing agent to generate AgNPs and to convert Graphene oxide (GO) to RGO during the polymerization reaction. The morphology and structural characteristics of… More >
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A Review on the Advancement of Renewable Natural Fiber Hybrid Composites: Prospects, Challenges, and Industrial Applications
Mohammed Mohammed^1,2,*, Jawad K. Oleiwi³, Aeshah M. Mohammed⁴, Anwar Ja’afar Mohamad Jawad⁵, Azlin F. Osman^1,2, Tijjani Adam⁶, Bashir O. Betar⁷, Subash C. B. Gopinath^2,8,9
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1237-1290, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.051201
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: Processing, Manufacturing, Characterizations and Environmentally Friendly Applications)
Abstract Natural fibre (NFR) reinforced functional polymer composites are quickly becoming an indispensable sustainable material in the transportation industry because of their lightweight, lower cost in manufacture, and adaptability to a wide variety of goods. However, the major difficulties of using these fibres are their existing poor dimensional stability and the extreme hydrophilicity. In assessing the mechanical properties (MP) of composites, the interfacial bonding (IB) happening between the NFR and the polymer matrix (PM) plays an incredibly significant role. When compared to NFR/synthetic fibre hybrid composites, hybrid composites (HC) made up of two separate NFR are… More >
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Structural Elucidation of the Polymeric Condensed Tannins of Acacia nilotica Subspecies by ¹³C NMR, MALDI-TOF and TMA as Sources of Bioadhesives
Zeinab Osman^1,2,3,*, Antonio Pizzi^2,*, Bertrand Charrier³
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1291-1310, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.051619
Abstract Tannin was extracted from different subspecies of Acacia nilotica, Acacia nilotica nilotica (Ann), Acacia nilotica tomentosa (Ant) and Acacia nilotica adansonii (Ana). The aim was to elucidate their structure and evaluate their reactivity as bioadhesives in the wood industry. The extracts were prepared by hot water extraction (90°C temperature). Their gel time with paraformaldehyde was used at first to compare their reactivity. The tannin contents and the percentage of total polyphenolic materials in different solutions of the extracts spray dried powder were determined by the hide powder method. Concentrated solutions (47%) were tested by both MALDI ToF, CNMR.… More >
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Thermo-Mechanical, Physico-Chemical, Morphological, and Fire Characteristics of Eco-Friendly Particleboard Manufactured with Phosphorylated Lignin Addition
Apri Heri Iswanto^1,*, Harisyah Manurung¹, Asma Sohail², Lee Seng Hua^3,9, Petar Antov⁴, Deded Sarip Nawawi⁵, Sarah Latifah⁵, Dewi Shafa Kayla^5,6, Sukma Surya Kusumah⁶, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis⁶, Linda Makovická Osvaldová⁷, Mohd. Hazwan Hussin⁸, Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian⁹, Lum Wei Chen¹⁰, Puji Rahmawati Nurcahyani⁶, Nam Hun Kim¹¹, Widya Fatriasari⁶
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1311-1341, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.052172
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites: Design, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications – 2024)
Abstract Lignin, lignosulfonate, and synthesized phosphorylated lignosulfonate were introduced as green fillers in citric acid-sucrose adhesives for bonding particleboard fabricated from areca leaf sheath (ALS). The characteristics of particleboards were compared to that of ultralow emitting formaldehyde (ULEF-UF). The fillers derived from Eucalyptus spp. kraft-lignin were added for flame retardancy enhancement. 10% of each lignin and modified lignin was added into the ULEF-UF and citric acid-sucrose bonded particleboards. Analyses applied to particleboards included thermal characteristics, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), morphological properties, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as physical, mechanical, and fire resistance characteristics of the… More >
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Starch Orodispersible Film Loaded with Melatonin for Human Supplementation
Fabio Tamanini¹, Tatiane Zucchini de Souza¹, Creusa Sayuri Tahara Amaral¹, Antônio José Felix Carvalho², Eliane Trovatti^1,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.12, No.7, pp. 1343-1354, 2024, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2024.052288
Abstract An innovative pharmaceutical form for administering melatonin, based on starch orodispersible film (ODF), was designed and prepared. The composition of the ODF included starch as the polymer matrix, the active drug melatonin, and a plasticizer. Melatonin, a natural hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain, can be absorbed by passive diffusion across the mucous membrane, resulting in improved bioavailability when compared to conventional oral administration. This study shows a simple and efficient method for preparing melatonin-loaded orodispersible films with a physically stable and commercially viable matrix, suitable for use in the pharmaceutical industry.… More >

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