Open Access

ARTICLE

Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Extracted from Crab Shell Using the Hydrothermal Method with Varying Holding Times

Deni Fajar Fitriyana^1,2,*, Rifky Ismail^1,3,*, Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno¹, Januar Parlaungan Siregar^4,5, Tezara Cionita⁶

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, 50275, Indonesia
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Gunung Pati, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia
3 Center for Biomechanics, Biomaterial, Biomechatronics, and Biosignal Processing (CBIOM3s), Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
4 Automotive Engineering Center (AEC), Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), Pahang, Malaysia
5 Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, 26600, Malaysia
6 Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia

* Corresponding Authors: Deni Fajar Fitriyana. Email: ; Rifky Ismail. Email: