Open Access

ARTICLE

Simple and High-Yield Synthesis of a Thinner Layer of Graphenic Carbon from Coconut Shells

Retno Asih^1,*, Haniffudin Nurdiansah², Mochamad Zainuri¹, Deni S. Khaerudini^3,4, Angelinus T. Setiawan⁴, A. Y. Dias⁴, Pudji Untoro^4,5, Ahmad Sholih¹, Darminto^1,*

1 Department of Physics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
2 Department of Material and Metallurgical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
3 Research Centre for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Indonesia
4 PT. Graphene Nanomaterial Consulting, Malang, 65141, Indonesia
5 Department of Physical Engineering, Surya University, Banten, 15143, Indonesia

* Corresponding Authors: Retno Asih. Email: ; Darminto. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Special Issue in Celebration of JRM 10 Years)

Journal of Renewable Materials 2024, 12(5), 969-979. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2024.049097

Received 27 December 2023; Accepted 20 February 2024; Issue published 17 July 2024

Abstract

Biomass has become of recent interest as a raw material for ‘green’ graphenic carbon (GC) since it promotes an environmentally friendly approach. Here, we investigate a single pyrolysis route to synthesize GC from coconut shells which provides a simple method and can produce a high yield, thus being convenient for large-scale production. The pyrolysis involves a stepped holding process at 350°C for 1 h and at 650°C or 900°C for 3 h. The GC sample resulted at the 900°C pyrolysis has a thinner sheet, a less porous structure, a higher C/O ratio, and an enhanced electrical conductivity than those pyrolyzed at 650°C. The addition of NaPO catalyst has no significant effects on the GC structures obtained by this route. The single pyrolysis route generates thinner GC sheets compared to the two-step heat treatment followed by the liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) procedure. Nevertheless, the latter method offers a formation of clean samples with a porous or holey feature which has potential for advanced energy-storage applications.

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Graphic Abstract

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