Open Access

ARTICLE

Shuang Zhao¹, Shenglan Chen², Shuan Ren¹, Gang Li³, Ke Song^1,4, Jie Guo^1,4, Shima Liu^1,4, Jian He^1,4, Xianwu Zhou^1,4,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2531-2553, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.026066 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Polylactide Based Biopolymeric Systems)
Abstract Petroleum-based materials, such as plastic, are characterized by adverse environmental pollution; as a result, researchers have sought alternative degradable plastics that are environmentally friendly, such as polylactic acid (PLA). PLA has shown great potential to replace petroleum-based plastics. In this study, seven different samples of unmodified Pueraria lobata root powder (PRP) with different contents (i.e., 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt%) and three different modified PRPs (i.e., treated with NaOH, NaOH-KH-550, and Formic) were used to reinforce polylactic acid (PLA) via solution casting process. These prepared PRP/PLA composite films were characterized using SEM,… More >

Graphic Abstract

View

2436

Download

859

Open Access

ARTICLE

Chengxiang Li, Yue Wu, Chunhui Zhang^*, Yao Liu, Qixuan Lin, Junli Ren^*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2555-2574, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.026908 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Process and Engineering of Lignocellulose Utilization)
Abstract Hemicellulose and lignin are not reasonably utilized during the dissolved pulp preparation process. This work aimed to propose a process for the co-production of dissolving pulp, furfural, and lignin from eucalyptus. High-grade dissolving pulp was prepared from eucalyptus using a combination of extremely low acid (ELA) pretreatment, Kraft cooking, and elementary chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching. The obtained pre-hydrolysate was catalytic conversion into furfural in a biphasic system, and lignin during Kraft cooking and ECF was recovered. The process condition was discussed as well as the mass flow direction. The results showed that ELA pretreatment could effectively… More >

View

1888

Download

590

Like

2

Open Access

REVIEW

Kakudji Kisimba¹, Anand Krishnan^2,*, Mbuso Faya¹, Kahumba Byanga³, Kabange Kasumbwe⁴, Kaliyapillai Vijayakumar⁵, Ram Prasad^6,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2575-2591, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.026159 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Insights on Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Agricultural Applications)
Abstract Nanoparticles have distinct properties that make them potentially valuable in a variety of industries. As a result, emerging approaches for the manufacture of nanoparticles are gaining a lot of scientific interest. The biological pathway of nanoparticle synthesis has been suggested as an effective, affordable, and environmentally safe method. Synthesis of nanoparticles through physical and chemical processes uses unsafe materials, expensive equipment and adversely affects the environment. As a result, in order to support the increased utilization of nanoparticles across many sectors, nanotechnology research activities have shifted toward environmentally safe and cost-effective techniques that outperform chemical… More >

Graphic Abstract

View

2228

Download

660

Open Access

REVIEW

Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa^1,*, Mingqiang Sheng², Ndungutse Jean Maurice³, Xinxin Liu¹, Zelong Wang¹, Fengmin Chang⁴, Bo Huang⁴, Kaijun Wang⁴
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2593-2629, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.026314 - 27 April 2023
Abstract Globally, fossil fuel dependence has created several environmental challenges and climate change. Hence, creating other alternative renewable and ecologically friendly bio-energy sources is necessary. Lignocellulosic biomass has gained significant attention recently as a renewable material for biofuel production. The large amounts of plantain and banana plant parts wasted after harvesting, as well as the peels generated daily by the fruit market and industries, demonstrate the potential of bioenergy resources. This review briefly assesses plantain and banana plant biomass (PBB) generated in the developing, developed, and underdeveloped countries, the consumable parts, and feasible products yield. It… More >

Graphic Abstract

View

1268

Download

710

Open Access

ARTICLE

Jianping Deng¹, Qianqian Zhang¹, Yuling Lan¹, Lingcong Luo¹, Zimin Dai¹, Zhonghang Lin¹, Zhixin Lu¹, Jiancheng Yuan¹, Yiqi Fu¹, Lu Luo^2,*, Weigang Zhao^1,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2631-2646, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027163 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Renewable Energy Storage Materials and Their Composite: Preparation, Characterization and Applications)
Abstract The development and utilization of biomass and agroforestry processing byproducts for high-value applications have been an important topic in the field of renewable materials research. Based on this, a two-step microwave hydrothermal pre-carbonization and KOH activation method was proposed to synthesize tannin-based activated carbons with a high specific surface area, hierarchical pore structure, and good electrochemical performance. The microstructure, texture properties, and physicochemical characteristics were investigated. The results show that the prepared tannin-based activated carbons presented a hierarchical pore structure (micro- and mesopores) with a specific surface area as high as 997.46 m³ g⁻¹ . The… More >

Graphic Abstract

View

1457

Download

857

Open Access

ARTICLE

S. E. Burruel-Ibarra¹, R. A. Esquer-Osuna², R. G. Valdez-Melchor², D. A. Cuevas-Acuña², L. QuihuiCota³, J. Juárez⁴, J. C. Campos-García², E. Valbuena-Gregorio², M. A. López-Mata^2,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2647-2663, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027372 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advancement of Biopolymers in Biomedical Materials)
Abstract This study aimed to characterize the physical-chemical and biological properties of pectin (PC)/chia seed mucilage (CM) membranes. PC/CM [100/0 (control), 80/20%, 60/40%, and 40/60% w/w] membranes were prepared using the casting method. The membranes (PC/CM) were thin, yellow, lightly opaque (≈10%) and capable of blocking light UVB (between 66 at 52%). SEM analysis showed the presence of aggregates in the shape of a sphere (≈13 µm) and ovoid (≈25 µm). The proportion of 80/20 showed an increase in tensile strength (29%) and elastic modulus (19%) when compared to the control. FTIR analysis exhibited intermolecular interactions More >

Graphic Abstract

View

1990

Download

617

Open Access

ARTICLE

Minting Lai, Guijun Xie^*, Wanju Li, Lamei Li, Yongjian Cao
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2665-2678, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027441 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable Biomass as a Platform for Preparing Green Chemistry)
Abstract Heat-treated wood has good dimensional stability, durability, and color, but its susceptibility to fungal growth affects its commercial value. In this study, lumber harvested from mature Masson’s pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) was vacuum impregnated with a basic copper salt solution (copper hydroxide, diethanolamine, and polyethylene glycol 200) prior to heat-treatment at 220°C for 3 h. Antifungal properties, surface chemistry, crystal structure and sugar contents were tested, compared with heat treatment alone. The results showed that the samples treated by heating without copper salt treatment showed poor suppression of fungal growth, the copper-impregnated heat-treated wood suppressed (100%) the… More >

View

689

Download

477

Open Access

ARTICLE

Liying Wang^*, Junzhi Liu, Chong Gao, Xinxin Yan
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2679-2694, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025569 - 27 April 2023
Abstract Oil dispersible suspension concentrates are safe, green, and environmentally friendly formulations. Problems such as layering, pasting, and bottoming are frequently encountered during the production, storage, and transportation process. Polyisobutylene succinimide functions as a dispersant and exhibits great potential to improve the physical stability of the oil dispersible suspension concentrate. From a microscopic perspective, the sorption characteristics of the polyisobutylene succinimide dispersant T151 on penoxsulam particle surfaces were comprehensively evaluated with XPS, FTIR, and SEM. The T151 adsorption procedure complied with a pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption model, and it was a kind of physical sorption with an… More >

Graphic Abstract

View

963

Download

507

Open Access

ARTICLE

Kunpeng Zhao, Yang Wei^*, Si Chen, Kang Zhao, Mingmin Ding
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2695-2712, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025711 - 27 April 2023
Abstract The destruction of recombinant bamboo depends on many factors, and the complex ambient temperature is an important factor affecting its basic mechanical properties. To investigate the failure mechanism and stress–strain relationship of recombinant bamboo at different temperatures, eighteen tensile specimens of recombinant bamboo were tested. The results showed that with increasing ambient temperature, the typical failure modes of recombinant bamboo were flush fracture, toothed failure, and serrated failure. The ultimate tensile strength, ultimate strain and elastic modulus of recombinant bamboo decreased with increasing temperature, and the ultimate tensile stress decreased from 154.07 to 96.55 MPa, a decrease More >

Graphic Abstract

View

598

Download

477

Open Access

ARTICLE

Honghong Wang¹, Zhixin Xiong^1,*, Yunchao Hu¹, Zhijian Liu¹, Long Liang²
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2713-2727, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025817 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Process and Engineering of Lignocellulose Utilization)
Abstract This study aims to realize the sharing of near-infrared analysis models of lignin and holocellulose content in pulp wood on two different batches of spectrometers and proposes a combined algorithm of SPA-DS, MCUVE-DS and SiPLS-DS. The Successive Projection Algorithm (SPA), the Monte-Carlo of Uninformative Variable Elimination (MCUVE) and the Synergy Interval Partial Least Squares (SiPLS) algorithms are respectively used to reduce the adverse effects of redundant information in the transmission process of the full spectrum DS algorithm model. These three algorithms can improve model transfer accuracy and efficiency and reduce the manpower and material consumption… More >

View

770

Download

521

Open Access

ARTICLE

Yuhang He, Rongzhuo Zhang, Yifan Zhang, Zheng Wang^*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2729-2743, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025867 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Bio-Composite Materials and Structures-2021)
Abstract In order to better meet the objective requirements of the use safety of the high-rise glulam building floor structure and the living comfort of the residents, the transient excitation, environmental excitation and frequency spectrum identification methods were used to carry out experimental modal test in-site on the three rooms numbered A, B and C of the same glulam structural building. The three rooms have different functions, different floor sizes and different floor supporting structures. The research results have shown that the first-order bending frequency of the floor structure of Room A is 27.50 Hz, the… More >

Graphic Abstract

View

2279

Download

778

Open Access

REVIEW

Nurul Anis Athirah Ab Aziz^*, Chin Wei Lai^*, Boon Hoong Ong
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2745-2770, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025899 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Carbon-Based Nanomaterials from Renewable Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
Abstract Nowadays, corrosion is not only undesirable, but it also has a significant influence on the industrial sectors and technical innovations that have demand for metals. The global economic damage is expected to reach $2.5 trillion, equivalent to more than 3.4% of the world’s GDP in 2013. It is linked with significant financial harm, manufacturing pollution, and safety issues. An electrochemical process primarily induces metal corrosion at the metalelectrolyte interface region, caused by steel oxidation and the reduction of oxygen, protons, and water. Therefore, organic and epoxy coatings can be applied as protective coatings. Additionally, it… More >

Graphic Abstract

View

2287

Download

927

Like

4

Open Access

REVIEW

Feng Gao^1,2,*, Liang Bao³, Qin Wang⁴
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2771-2786, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027325 - 27 April 2023
Abstract Gasification of organic waste represents one of the most effective valorization pathways for renewable energy and resources recovery, while this process can be affected by multi-factors like temperature, feedstock, and steam content, making the product’s prediction problematic. With the popularization and promotion of artificial intelligence such as machine learning (ML), traditional artificial neural networks have been paid more attention by researchers from the data science field, which provides scientific and engineering communities with flexible and rapid prediction frameworks in the field of organic waste gasification. In this work, critical parameters including temperature, steam ratio, and… More >

View

596

Download

538

Open Access

REVIEW

Yue Chen^1,2, Haitao Li^1,2,*, Lei Gao^3,*, Wei Xu^1,2, Rodolfo Lorenzo⁴, Milan Gaff^5,6
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2787-2808, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027634 - 27 April 2023
Abstract Bamboo is an eco-friendly material with light weight, high strength, short growth cycle and high sustainability, which is widely used in building structures. Engineered bamboo has further promoted the development of modern bamboo structures due to its unrestricted size and shape. However, as a fiber-reinforced material, fracture damage, especially Mode I fracture damage, becomes the most likely damage mode of its structure, so Mode I fracture characteristics are an important subject in the research of mechanical properties of bamboo. This paper summarizes the current status of experimental research on the Mode I fracture properties of More >

View

1887

Download

717

Like

1

Open Access

ARTICLE

Qiushi Li^1,2,#, Ronggang Luo^1,2,#, Yu Chen³, Jinhui Xiong³, Bei Qiao¹, Xijuan Chai^1,2, Linkun Xie^1,2, Juan Wang³, Lianpeng Zhang^1,2,*, Siqun Wang⁴, Guanben Du^1,2, Kaimeng Xu^1,2,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2809-2822, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.026184 - 27 April 2023
Abstract To overcome the shortage of wood resources as well as to develop novel natural fibers materials, the Chimonobambusa quadrangularis (CQ) and Qiongzhuea tumidinoda (QT) planted in Southwest China were effectively isolated by the steam explosion (SE). The fine and uniform bamboo microfibers derived from CQ and QT were obtained, and their smallest average widths were 12.62 μm and 16.05 μm, respectively. The effects of steam explosion on the micro-morphology, chemical composition, thermal stability, crystallinity, surface wettability, and mechanical properties of bamboo microfibers were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that the relative content of cellulose in bamboo microfibers More >

Graphic Abstract

View

1802

Download

738

Open Access

ARTICLE

Elham Azadeh¹, Antonio Pizzi^1,2,*, Christine Gerardin-Charbonnier^1,*, Philippe Gerardin¹
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2823-2848, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027651 - 27 April 2023
Abstract Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) foams from a commercial hydrolysable tannin extract, chestnut wood tannin extract, have been prepared to determine what chemical species and products are taking part in the reactions involved. This method is based on two main steps: the reaction with dimethyl carbonate and the formation of urethane bonds by further reaction of the carbonated tannin with a diamine-like hexamethylene diamine. The hydroxyl groups on the tannin polyphenols and on the carbohydrates intimately linked with it and part of a hydrolysable tannin are the groups involved in these reactions. The carbohydrate skeleton of the… More >

Graphic Abstract

View

2001

Download

773

Open Access

ARTICLE

Kai Zhu¹, Hao Chen^1,*, Shuang Wang^1,*, Chuan Yuan^1,2, Bin Cao³, Jun Ni¹, Lujiang Xu⁴, Anqing Zheng⁵, Arman Amani Babadi¹
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2849-2864, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.026317 - 27 April 2023
Abstract Microalgae biomass is an ideal precursor to prepare renewable carbon materials, which has broad application. The bioaccumulation efficiency (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates) and biomass productivity of microalgae are influenced by spectroscopy during the culture process. In this study, a bilayer plate-type photobioreactor was designed to cultivate Chlorella protothecoides with spectral selectivity by nanofluids. Compared to culture without spectral selectivity, the spectral selectivity of Ag/CoSO₄ nanofluids increased microalgae biomass by 5.76%, and the spectral selectivity of CoSO₄ solution increased by 17.14%. In addition, the spectral selectivity of Ag/CoSO₄ nanofluids was more conducive to the accumulation of nutrients (29.46% lipids, 50.66% More >

Graphic Abstract

View

937

Download

546

Open Access

ARTICLE

Sri Hidayati^1,*, Eugenia Fonny Budiyanto¹, Hadi Saputra¹, Sutopo Hadi¹, Apri Heri Iswanto^2,3, Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat⁴, Petar Antov⁵, Lee Seng Hua^6,7, Widya Fatriasari^4,8, Mohd. Sapuan Salit⁹
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2865-2879, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027579 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites: Design, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications)
Abstract Black liquor is obtained as a by-product of the pulping process, which is used to convert biomass into pulp by removing lignin, hemicelluloses and other extractives from wood to free cellulose fibers. Lignin represents a major constituent in black liquor, with quantities varying from 20% to 30%, of which a very low share is used for manufacturing value-added products, while the rest is mainly burned for energy purposes, thus underestimating its great potential as a raw material. Therefore, it is essential to establish new isolation and extraction methods to increase lignin valorization in the development… More >

Graphic Abstract

View

1866

Download

745

Open Access

ARTICLE

Shang Zhang¹, Jie Wang², Benjamin Rose⁵, Yushan Yang³, Qingfeng Ding¹, Bengang Zhang^4,*, Chunlei Dong^2,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2881-2891, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.028160 - 27 April 2023
Abstract To study the static bending creep properties of glass fiber reinforced wood, glass fiber reinforced poplar (GFRP) specimens were obtained by pasting glass fiber on the upper and lower surfaces of Poplar (Populus euramevicana, P), the performance of Normal Creep (NC) and Mechanical Sorptive Creep (MSC) of GFRP and their influencing factors were tested and analyzed. The test results and analysis show that: (1) The MOE and MOR of Poplar were increased by 17.06% and 10.00% respectively by the glass fiber surface reinforced composite. (2) The surface reinforced P with glass fiber cloth only exhibits the… More >

View

749

Download

658

Open Access

ARTICLE

Jianwei Zhang¹, Yue Yin¹, Lei Shi¹, Yi Han², Mi Zhou^3,*, Xihong Zhang⁴
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2893-2911, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025436 - 10 April 2023
Abstract Dust is an environmental and health hazard. In this study, a new technology for dust suppressant is introduced using soybean urease with an optimal cementing solution. Calcium carbonate is produced by soybean urease and cementing solution, which bonds the soil particles towards a dust suppressant. A laboratory wind tunnel test is carried out to examine its effectiveness and discover possible optimization solutions. Several factors, including soybean meal concentration, cementing solution concentration, and volume of solution per unit area, are examined to quantify their influences on soil transport mass, evaporation ratio, evaporation rate, surface strength, water… More >

View

1289

Download

567

Open Access

ARTICLE

Yatim Lailun Ni’mah^*, Nabila Eka Yuningsih, Suprapto Suprapto
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2913-2924, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025431 - 27 April 2023
Abstract The adsorption of Pb(II) on silica gel synthesized from chemical glass bottle waste has been studied. The effect of independent variables (adsorbent dose, initial concentration of Pb(II), contact time, and pH) on the Pb(II) removal from water was evaluated and optimized using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Under optimized conditions (adsorbent dose: 20 mg; contact time: 30 min; initial Pb(II) concentration: 120 mg. L⁻¹ ; and pH: 8), the removal of Pb(II) was 99.77%. The adsorption equilibrium data obtained from the batch experiment were investigated using different isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm model fits the experimental More >

View

1473

Download

705

Open Access

ARTICLE

Rafal A. Hadi^1,*, Suhad M. Abd², Hadee Mohammed Najm³, Shaker Qaidi^4,5,*, Moutaz Mustafa A. Eldirderi⁶, Khaled Mohamed Khedher^7,8
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2925-2940, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025558 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Potential Materials Towards Sustainable Construction)
Abstract Recent years have witnessed an increase in the quantity of waste glass (WG) across the globe. Replacing the fine aggregate with WG is one of the steps toward preserving the natural resources of the environment and creating low-cost concrete. The present study is concerned with replacing fine aggregates with glass powder (GP) at (0%, 15%, 30%, and 50%). It has studied the fresh and hardened properties (compressive strength, tensile strength, hardened density, and slump) for all the mentioned percent replacements. The findings have shown that all mixtures containing GP gave acceptable slump results within the More >

View

1829

Download

809

Open Access

ARTICLE

Zhuoli Yang¹, Xianbin Hou², Leyang Dai^2,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2941-2951, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025723 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Carbon-Based Nanomaterials from Renewable Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
Abstract Plasma-assisted ball milling was carried out on the Al+C₃H₆N₆ system and Al+C₄H₄N₄ system, respectively. The phase structure, functional groups and synthesis mechanism were analyzed by XRD and FT-IR, and the differences in the synthesis process of nano-AlN with different solid nitrogen sources were discussed. The results show that C₃H₆N₆ has a stable triazine ring structure, and its chemical bond is firm and difficult to break, so AlN cannot be synthesized directly by solid-solid reaction at room temperature. However, there are a large number of nitrile groups (-CN) and amino groups (-NH2) in C₄H₄N₄ molecules. Under the combined… More >

View

1480

Download

603

Open Access

ARTICLE

Xintong Chen, Pinghua Zhu^*, Xiancui Yan, Lei Yang, Huayu Wang
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2953-2967, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027140 - 27 April 2023
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Sustainable Concrete with Recyclable Materials)
Abstract With the emphasis on environmental issues, the recycling of waste concrete, even recycled concrete, has become a hot spot in the field of architecture. But the repeated recycling of waste concrete used in harsh environments is still a complex problem. This paper discusses the durability and recyclability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) as a prefabricated material in the harsh environment, the effect of high-temperature curing (60°C, 80°C, and 100°C) on the frost resistance of RAC and physical properties of the second generation recycled coarse aggregate (RCA₂) of RAC after 300 freeze-thaw cycles were studied. The frost… More >

View

905

Download

583

Open Access

ARTICLE

Liefei Pei^1,2, Xiangyun Zhang¹, Zizhou Yuan^1,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2969-2983, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025760 - 27 April 2023
Abstract Iron-based amorphous crystalline powder Fe₇₈Si₉B₁₃^AP is used as a permeability reaction barrier (PRB) combined with an electrokinetic method (EK-PRB) to study the removal rate of Cu in contaminated soil. After treating Cucontaminated soil for 5 days under different voltage gradients and soil water content, the soil pH is between 3.1 and 7.2. The increase of voltage gradient and soil water content can effectively promote the movement of Cu²⁺ to the cathode. The voltage gradient is 3 V/cm, and the water content of 40% is considered to be an optional experimental condition. Therefore, under this condition, the More >

View

1682

Download

627