Open Access

ARTICLE

Glycated Hemoglobin HbA1c: Permittivity Experimental Applications with Some Mathematical Concepts, Temperature and Frequency Variations

Soliman Abdalla^1,2,*, Sherif Kandil², Waleed El-Shirbeeny¹, Fatma Bahabri^1,3

1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
3 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Jeddah University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

* Corresponding Author: Soliman Abdalla. Email:

Journal of Renewable Materials 2022, 10(9), 2335-2354. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2022.021211

Received 01 January 2022; Accepted 27 February 2022; Issue published 30 May 2022

Abstract

Diabetes disorder turns smoothly to be a global epidemic disorder and the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) starts to be an efficient marker of it. The dielectric spectroscopy on different human normal- and diabetic-blood samples is used to characterize and to estimate the HbA1c concentration. “dc-” and ac-measurement of the complex conductivity in the temperature range from 280 K up to 320 K, and in the frequency range from one Hz up to 32 MHz have been performed. The thermal activation energy, ΔE_σ, of dc-electric conductivity lies in the range 95 meV < ΔE_σ < 115 meV; while the thermal activation energy, ΔE_τ, of RBCs relaxation time is about ΔE_τ = 140 meV. The experimental data have been modeled by a physical-model and good fittings have been found between calculated and experimental values. The effective number of charges, nG, T, is estimated after Cole and Cole curves. One has found that nG, T increases with both temperature, T, and with the glycation rate G_G. This increase may shed some light on an effective and possible way to treat (and to detect) diabetes disorders via eliminating the excess electric charges produced by glycation processes. The present work sheds the light on the possible combination of focused ultrasound with magnetic resonance imaging to study the dielectric-thermal variations of glycated-RBCs, which can lead to very precise and non-invasive monitoring of glycation concentration in vivo and in vitro via magnetic resonance-thermometry.

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