Open Access

ARTICLE

Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Natural and Artificial Carbonaceous Substrates on Greenhouse Gas Fluxes

Jürgen Kern^1,*, Judy Libra¹, Christian Ammon¹, York Neubauer², Wenceslau Teixeira³

1 Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy e.V. (ATB), Potsdam, 14469, Germany
2 TCKON Engineering Services Dr.-Ing. York Neubauer, Berlin, 13088, Germany
3 Embrapa Soils, Rio de Janeiro, 24600-000, Brazil

* Corresponding Author: Jürgen Kern. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Biochar Based Materials for a Green Future)

Journal of Renewable Materials 2022, 10(7), 1773-1786. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2022.019608

Received 01 October 2021; Accepted 23 November 2021; Issue published 07 March 2022

Abstract

The emissions of two greenhouse gases (GHG), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), from six substrates with different carbonaceous content were compared in short and long-term incubation experiments. Three natural soils and three artificial chars were mixed with carbon (C) poor soil (Cambisol) to simulate real conditions after application of char to farmland. The natural soils were a Cambisol, an Anthrosol and a Histosol with C contents of 1.3%, 4.4% and 13.2%, respectively. The three chars produced through thermal conversion of wood chips by hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC), fluidized bed gasification and pyrolysis had C contents of 56.9%, 75.4% and 79.9%, respectively. Emission rates of CO₂ and N₂O from the rewetted substrates were measured by gas chromatography over a short time of 72 h and over a long period of nearly two years. The short-term CO₂ emissions from the natural soils showed a clear relationship to their C content. The emission rate for the Histosol/Cambisol mixture was three times higher than that for the pure Cambisol, 77.1 vs. 23.5 mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ organic matter (OM) per hour. The C emission rates for the char/Cambisol mixtures were much lower, ranging between 3.0 and 9.1 mg CO₂-C kg OM⁻¹ h⁻¹ , and did not correspond to their total C contents. Comparison between the two incubation lengths showed that the long-term CO₂ emission rates were generally one order of magnitude lower than the short-term rates. The final emission rates for natural substrates over a period of two years were still twice those for artificial char substrates, between 2.2–3.5 mg CO₂-C kg OM⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 1.3–1.8 mg CO₂-C kg OM⁻¹ h⁻¹ , respectively. Although the contents of total nitrogen (Ntot) and extractable nitrogen (Nmin) were considerable in the chars under study, enhanced N₂O release was not observed in the incubation experiments. Instead, N₂O emission rates in the three mixtures of chars and Cambisol were lower by one to two orders of magnitude compared to the pure Cambisol in short-term incubations. Even long-term N₂O emissions were 5 to 9 times lower. The highest degree of N₂O reduction was found for the HTC char. Because of the high global warming potential of N₂O, this positive effect of chars may play an important role in mitigating emissions of CO₂ equivalents. Both CO₂ and N₂O must be taken into account when balancing GHG emitted after chars (biochar, gasifier char, HTC char) are applied to soil.

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