Open Access
ARTICLE
Formaldehyde Free Renewable Thermosetting Foam Based on Biomass Tannin with a Lignin Additive
Bowen Liu1, Yunxia Zhou1, Hisham Essawy2, Shang Feng1, Xuehui Li1, Jingjing Liao1, Xiaojian Zhou1,3,*, Jun Zhang1,*, Sida Xie1
1
Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming,
650224, China
2
Department of Polymers and Pigments, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
3
Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilisation in the Southwest Mountains of China (Southwest Forestry
University), Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650224, China
* Corresponding Authors: Xiaojian Zhou. Email: ; Jun Zhang. Email:
(This article belongs to this Special Issue: Renewable Foam Materials and Composites)
Journal of Renewable Materials 2022, 10(11), 3009-3024. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2022.019848
Received 19 October 2021; Accepted 01 December 2021; Issue published 29 June 2022
Abstract
This study presents easily prepared free formaldehyde bio-based foam based on a prepared thermosetting resin
comprising tannin–lignin–furfuryl alcohol-glyoxal (TLFG) via mechanical stirring in presence of ether as a foaming agent. The foam was developed through a co-polycondensation reaction of glyoxal and furfuryl alcohol with
condensed tannin and lignin, which is a forest-derived product. Investigation using scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) showed more closed-cell structure without cracks and collapse in the TLFG foam, with a higher apparent
density with respect to tannin–furanic–formaldehyde (TFF) foam. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),
dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) investigations revealed that
the curing process of TLFG foam proceeds easily even at a lower temperature. Additionally, it acquired higher
heat resistance than TFF foam. Moreover, TLFG has a more robust chemical network structure, which contributes
efficiently to the mechanical strength and a lower pulverization degree compared with TFF-derived foam. Fourier
transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) proved that the
cross-inking reactions between tannin, lignin, furfuryl alcohol, and glyoxal have been proceeded efficiently.
Keywords
Cite This Article
Liu, B., Zhou, Y., Essawy, H., Feng, S., Li, X. et al. (2022). Formaldehyde Free Renewable Thermosetting Foam Based on Biomass Tannin with a Lignin Additive.
Journal of Renewable Materials, 10(11), 3009–3024. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2022.019848