Open Access
ARTICLE
Hydrolysable Chestnut Tannin Extract Chemical Complexity in Its Reactions for Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes (NIPU) Foams
Elham Azadeh1, Antonio Pizzi1,2,*, Christine Gerardin-Charbonnier1,*, Philippe Gerardin1
1 LERMAB, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, 54506, France
2 LERMAB, University of Lorraine, Epinal, 88051, France
* Corresponding Authors: Antonio Pizzi. Email: ; Christine Gerardin-Charbonnier. Email:
Journal of Renewable Materials 2023, 11(6), 2823-2848. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2023.027651
Received 08 November 2022; Accepted 15 November 2022; Issue published 27 April 2023
Abstract
Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) foams from a commercial hydrolysable tannin extract, chestnut wood
tannin extract, have been prepared to determine what chemical species and products are taking part in the
reactions involved. This method is based on two main steps: the reaction with dimethyl carbonate and the
formation of urethane bonds by further reaction of the carbonated tannin with a diamine-like hexamethylene
diamine. The hydroxyl groups on the tannin polyphenols and on the carbohydrates intimately linked with it
and part of a hydrolysable tannin are the groups involved in these reactions. The carbohydrate skeleton of the
hydrolysable tannin is also able to participate through its hydroxyl groups to the same two reactions rendering
the whole molecular complex able to react to form NIPUs. The analysis by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption
Ionization (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (
13C NMR) to further
investigate the reaction mechanisms involved revealed the unsuspected complexity of chestnut hydrolysable
tannin, with different fragments reacting in different manners forming a hardened network of considerable
complexity. As the morphology and performance of these types of foams changes slightly with the change in
the amount of glutaraldehyde and hexamine hardeners, the best performing foam formulation previously
determined was scanned by SEM and analysed chemically for the structures formed.
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
Cite This Article
Azadeh, E., Pizzi, A., Gerardin-Charbonnier, C., Gerardin, P. (2023). Hydrolysable Chestnut Tannin Extract Chemical Complexity in Its Reactions for Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes (NIPU) Foams.
Journal of Renewable Materials, 11(6), 2823–2848.