A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) becomes a newer type of real-time embedded device that can be utilized for a wide range of applications that make regular networking which appears impracticable. Concerning the energy production of the nodes, WSN has major issues that may influence the stability of the system. As a result, constructing WSN requires devising protocols and standards that make the most use of constrained capacity, especially the energy resources. WSN faces some issues with increased power utilization and an on going development due to the uneven energy usage between the nodes. Clustering has proven to be a more effective strategy in this series. In the proposed work, a hybrid method is used for reducing the energy consumption among CHs. A Fuzzy Logic-based clustering protocol FLUC (unequally clustered) and Fuzzy Clustering with Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol (FCERP) are used. A Fuzzy Clustering with Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (FCERP) reduces the WSN power usage and increases the lifespan of the network. FCERP has created a novel cluster-based fuzzy routing mechanism that uses a limit value to combine the clustering and multi-hop routing capabilities. The technique creates uneven groups by using fuzzy logic with a competitive range to choose the Cluster Head (CH). The input variables include the distance of the nodes from the ground station, concentrations, and remaining energy. The proposed FLUC-FCERP reduces the power usage and improves the lifetime of the network compared with the existing algorithms.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have attracted attention due to their wide use of applications ranging from disaster response, healthcare, and home appliances. In particular, miniaturized wireless sensors were made possible by advances in micro-electrical-mechanical, wireless technology, and computer technologies. WSN is made up of several small sensing devices. Such devices are placed to watch certain potential targets in a deterministic/random manner. The sensor nodes expend a great deal of energy when detecting, analyzing, and transferring the gathered information. Those nodes come with a lower voltage that is both distinctive and reusable [
Since the network nodes contain minimum energy, a considerable amount of energy is used in WSN while transmitting the data. As a result, a design that uses minimal energy when delivering the information to Bs must be considered. One of the ways to save energy is to use a hierarchical structure in system architecture. The system components in a hierarchical structure are grouped into numerous levels, with the nodes for each level possessing the same features. Clustering is one of the approaches to constructing a hierarchical system. Therefore, the network elements are subdivided into different clusters assuring all sensor nodes collect information from their immediate surroundings [
The power of networks should be used carefully for the life of the channel. Among the most effective approaches to reduce network power consumption is to organize sensors network into clusters based on a common feature. A Cluster Head (CH) is located at the center of each cluster and permits the connection with such an access point (BS). The CHS collect information from the other components in their clusters [
In addition, the clusters in the multi-hop communications minimize a lot of connections, minimizing latency. Furthermore, multi-hop communication enables the cluster members to support CH in information fusion, hence reducing the power consumption of CH. It will contribute to the life span of the system [
The majority of WSN grouping research has concentrated on developing centralized and decentralized procedures in compute clusters of CHs. In complex systems, though, centralized systems are ineffective since gathering all of the important details just at the main BS is power and time taking [
Fuzzy logic is used extensively in several protocols [
The main contributions of the proposed FLUC-FCERP method are given below: This method provides a decentralized fuzzy logic technique to compute the cluster radius of unequally sized clusters. Wireless Sensor Networks employ multi-hop transmissions with uneven grouping to reduce power usage. The proposed Fuzzy Based Clustering and Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol (FCERP) is to provide a simple and easy power routing algorithm based on clustering with a fixed threshold. FCERP implements multi-hop and the selection of the best intermediate nodes. The intermediary point is selected among the listed headers network based on the competence criterion of “distance to BS” and “leftover network power.”
The rest of the paper is organized in sections as shown. Section 2 consists of a brief study of existing Wireless Sensor Networks, Energy consumption, and Fuzzy Logic. Section 3 describes the working principle of the proposed model. Section 4 evaluates the result and gives a comparison of different algorithms. Section 5 concludes the research work with the future scope.
The Multi-Objective Fuzzy Clustering Technique (MOFCA) [
In WSNs, low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is a clustering technique in which the sensor networks are based on probabilities that are chosen as feasible CH. Every node chooses a random value. If the specified value is less than the defined threshold, a node becomes the CH immediately. Non-CH networks joined the CHs after the CHs have been identified based on the distance. The efficiency of an ambitious CH is originally poor. Furthermore, the remaining energy is not taken into account while choosing a CH. This is incompatible with the effective operation of a heterogeneity network. The use of the location of data from nodes to pick the CH has several drawbacks. Furthermore, this technique includes low-energy sites which may be selected as CHs, causing their power to be depleted even faster.
PEGASIS is a string, located to the close system which is an improvement to LEACH. Every node connects with a nearby node in this method. The terminals switch off transmitting the information to the BS. The energy consumption of each round is reduced as a result of this procedure. One of the primary flaws of the system is that the CHs communicate the information to the Bs immediately. It is a single network technique that uses a lot of energy and it is unsuitable for a large-scale system like WSN.
The energy-aware and multi-hop intracluster hierarchical (EAMMH) standard protocol was created by combining multi-hop intra-clustering and energy-aware navigation characteristics [
Durable routing flexible study automaton (RRDLA) method was developed in [
The energy-aware fuzzy clustering (EAFCA) method [
The researchers suggested the increase of data gathering effectiveness in two detection systems in Two-Tier Distributed Fuzzy Logic-Based Protocol (TTDFP) [
An Energy-Efficient Fuzzy Logic Cluster Head (EEFL-CH) method was developed as an upgrade to the Leach algorithm [
In the proposed work Fuzzy Logic-based clustering protocol FLUC (unequally clustered) and Fuzzy Clustering with Energy-efficient routing protocol (FCERP) method were used. It consisted of the System model, Network Model, and Energy Model.
Below were the characteristics that supported the suggested FCERP: Every node had the same beginning power, and its content was homogeneous. The placement of the nodes in the network was chosen at randomness. The network nodes were thought at the same moment. Both vertices and BSs were in a stationary condition. Euclid’s method was used to calculate the length. BS got the display in many jumps and as a single connection under specific circumstances. The neighbors of a cluster were vertices that were put at a range of R from such a point.
The transmission power estimation for sending “L”-bit packets of data from the sender to the receiver at a range of “D” between them was as follows:
The following formula is used to determine the value of
Here Enelec is the quantity of electricity spent by the transmitter while transmitting every part of information communicated to the receiver. The parameter fs is used to calculate the power usage for the outside transmissions, whereas the parameter is used to calculate the power usage for multi-hop communication. This sign, which would be derived using given equations, provides enough energy needed by the receivers to collect the messages.
The networks are evaluated in which a quantity of homogenous edge devices is arbitrarily distributed in a region and BS is situated even outside the entire network. Appropriate assumptions are followed in order to develop the suggested network approach: Following the placement, all sensors and the ground station are deemed fixed. Sensor networks can only connect to a particular CH within their transmitting distance. BS is not limited to power. Wireless network is continuous and symmetrical. At first, every sensor network has the same total energy.
Assume that the nodes in the M * M area are scattered evenly. Whether there are k clusters, the mean number of nodes in each cluster is N/K. Every cluster occupies about M2/K of the available space. The necessary square length between the nodes and the CH is calculated as follows:
Now consider that a region is a circular with radius
The size
The range among CH nodes and BS on median
To begin, it is assumed that all the clusters have the same size, thus the diameter of every cluster is R, and the area of each cluster is M/K, so the diameter of the clusters is
The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) whilst transmitting a l-bit payload across a range of d is calculated as follows:
In order to save the power in the wireless connection, sensor networks choose CH forwarding their information. Because one of the key criterion in the selection of node as CH is its proximity to BS, a great amount of CM nodes which could choose it for message transmission, causing CH’s batteries to deplete quickly. Even the range of node from BS grows, the amount of energy needed for data transfer grows as well, resulting in rapid battery loss. An uneven clustering method was suggested in which the radius of the CH fluctuates the solution and the farthest distance to BS for preventing quick charge depletion of CH. Throughout this technique, candidates CHs were chosen first, and then ultimate CHs for transmitting the data depending on other characteristics. The following is a description of the system. Basic CH and temporary CH were selected in this method using a prediction method. For each grouping cycle, an arbitrary figure was generated by each sensing node between the two discrete integers (0 and 1) for the first CH selection. If a node’s random numbered will be less than the threshold (T), that particular node will be the first CH on its own. In the suggested paradigm, the competition radius from each provisional CH varies constantly.
The developed model calculates its wide range of radius using node density, proximity to the BS, and remaining energy. As a result, it makes sense to lower the network region for CH and its remaining energy is dropped correspondingly. If the competitive circle doesn’t really decrease whereas the leftover energy of sensor node decreases, the sensor network will quickly lose its power. To manage the uncertainty, the preset fuzzy IF-THEN outlined regulations are used to calculate the diameter.
Initially, CHs are chosen at each round by allocating a set of numbers to each node. If a Threshold Value (TH) of nearby nodes assigned in
Here r denotes the current round and the value and P denotes the preferred proportion of CH (e.g.,
The part contained an explanation of the fuzzy logic-based unequal clustering procedure. Three factors were employed in the current study. The variables used were the provisional CHs’ residual energy, distances to the BS, as well as the density of nodes near to the CH. There was only one output variable in the previous fuzzy-based uneven clustering procedure. Two output parameters were included in the proposed method. CH likelihood and its competitive area were all these. With the complex exponential values, the variables were extremely huge and exceedingly tiny. The remaining tasks were triangle in nature.
The first factor was composed of seven linguistic variables that were all hazy. Using triangular membership equations, the answers were both effective and ineffective. The remaining was characterized by triangular functions. Every node was meant to be subjected to a repeating experiment conducted on different networking magnitudes due to the cautious choice of membership value extent. A fuzzy theory algorithm fuzzifies the precise data points into linguistic terms that are more appropriate.
The sensor network generates a random point among 1 and 0 there at start of each round. When random number of the node is much less than the Thresholds (TH) value, node is designated as a temporary CH. That applies to a wide range radius which is calculated using the node’s length from the BS, remaining energy, and intensity. Hotspot problems may arise in some circumstances when the number of groups and inter-cluster connectivity grow. The number of nodes with two tiny diameters may be created as a result of this issue. As a remedy to this problem, the radius was reduced to avoid the system from being too fragmented.
After that, the preliminary CH would calculate the diameter and the probability. Each node inside the cluster diameter sends out CH-MSG to create its forwarding table, which shows a collection of neighbors and remaining energy. The CH will send CH-MSG to the neighbors within a radius set by FIS. The probability number of the node and id will be included in this tentative CH-MSG. The Prime cluster head is the Provisional CH with the highest chances number within the cluster (PCH). ELECTED-CH-MSG is subsequently relayed to the nearby nodes by PCH. JOIN-CH-MSG will be relayed to the nearby CH by the total number of nodes which do not form PCH. Lastly, the PCH sends a message towards its cluster members with a transmission time tables. The cluster members deliver raw information to the PCH by these slots’ tables. Its package transfer is identical to EAMMH and EAUCF methods after grouping is completed. As a result, this paper does not go into great detail about the sending data and synchronization processes in the cluster.
Because it uses the power, a smaller range towards the BS, and decreased level in the variables for CH probability computation, there commended temporary CH competition perimeter of the system changes dynamically. Lowering the CH range is the most efficient way to save money. The CH chance is determined by the configured fuzzy IF-THEN rules. Unpredictable nature is included into the WSN and effectively computed utilizing the fuzzy method. The fuzzy numbers which are similar are stored in the input parameter. Closer, distant, most far as fuzzy linguistic variables characterize the position of the node to the BS in the original input parameter. These values of the farthest and the closest are trapezoid; whereas the values of differences are statistically significant and closest are triangles. The second input parameter, nodes based on residual, has the same attributes as the linguistic terms; lower, medium, and higher. The roles of high and low are trapezoidal. The similarity measure of the mean is triangle. Its final input parameter is intensity that has the characteristics of minimal, moderate, and large. The roles of low and high are trapezoidal.
Whenever it relates to grouping, choosing a CH node is among the most major decisions to be accounted. By identifying the most suitable nodes to operate as CH, a great deal of energy is saved and extended the life of the system. Many methods for choosing the CH node have already been suggested up involving the probability choosing, definitive classification, evolutionary computation, and use of fuzzy inference system in the recruitment process. Fuzzy systems minimize the complexities associated with WSNs.
Fuzzy set theory is a multi-value reasoning whereby the proper value of each statement might range from zero to one. A fuzzy process utilizes the fuzzy logic to methodically convert a base knowledge into a non-linear mapping. The primary design of the fuzzy inference system is continued as follows and its functioning is shown in
Clustering and energy-efficient routing using fuzzy system are the two components of the FCERP. It reduces the clusters in WSN using a predetermined limit, a range of grouping, and a combination technique for transmitting the data to Bs for improving the performance of WSN. The suggested FCERP has the following basic features. For each cycle, fuzzy scheme distributing grouping, uneven clusters, and no clustering are used to minimize the overall energy usage and the quantity of control packets broadcast. Every cluster has its own collection of fuzzification variables for determining an optimal material component on the remaining energy and its specific address inside the clusters. Setting a preset threshold for their power level has been studied as a way to reduce the number of header routers re-clustering. The method determines the best path for transmitting the messages out of each headers node to the BS using a multi-hop method.
The reduced power consumption within the sensor nodes is among the most essential factors to consider when compared to the clustering techniques. Lowering the number of powers consumed can help the system to run more efficiently. As a result, as grouping density increases even as the number of nearby nodes grows, each node of the neighbor’s number is treated as the secondary fuzzy variable of the cluster. This power consumption of the program remains steady whenever the node of the cluster has a uniform dispersion. As a result, the remaining energy of each node and the quantity of the neighbor have considered the fuzzy input variables for the first clusters, which would be treated in the cycles of 1, 4, and 7, until the last group is constructed and handled.
It is to save the power that the networking protocols that are proposed are being developed. By implementing an efficient scheduling plan, the proper number of nodes distance are calculated among the nodes as well as the BS that assist the way of enhancement and networks longevity. For transmitting the information to BS, this article uses a multi-hop approach. The nodes have collected the received data in the suggested FCERP by performing grouping in each round and delivering the sensed information in the Network. It transfers it to the BS through the CH node in the multi-hop mode. The CH node is picked among the identified CHs depending on the concepts in order. The network node “range to BS (Di)” and “remaining energy (RE)” are combined to form the Competence Measure (CM).
A competitive radius (Rc) should be computed to choose a head node between the present CHs.
The suggested approach was tested in MATLAB, which provided a Fuzzy Toolbox that had checked all the fuzzy membership functions, making it appropriate for applications. MATLAB was used to evaluate the proposed technique. After being distributed over a 100 100 m2 area, 100 sensor nodes were examined. The starting energy in each node was assumed to be 0.5 J.
Area | 100*100 |
No of nodes | 100 |
Size of the packets | 4000 bits |
0.0013 pi/bit/m4 | |
Enelec | 50 nJ/bit |
Initial energy | 0.5 j |
Control packet size | 200 bits |
The methods were assessed using the lifetime of the network measure, which includes the variables of FND, HND, and LND, and the amount of energy usage in each round and also the amount of dead node in each round. The outcomes of the evaluating methods known as the network lifespan are shown in
In all the three parameters (LND, FND and HND), the proposed method achieves better lifetime of the network. As shown in
The lifetime of the network characteristics were studied by considering a number of diverse nodes as well as the position of BS in the centre of the workplace environment to properly evaluate FLUP-FCERP to certain other approaches. Also, the findings of this research are displayed in
Algorithms used | Metrics of network lifetime (300 nodes) | ||
---|---|---|---|
FND | HND | LND | |
EAFCA [ |
290 | 406 | 704 |
DUCF [ |
265 | 345 | 365 |
FCERP [ |
359 | 687 | 704 |
Proposed FLUP-FCERP | 362 | 690 | 758 |
In comparison with other types, FLIP-FCERP seems to have a better performance in terms of enhancing the lifetime of the network, as per the findings.
The proposed work suggested a fuzzy logic-based method for reducing the network energy consumption. Equally, massive fixed systems of network nodes were among the assertions considered. In order to test the hypothesis, a new method was implemented in 3 stages. For minimizing the energy consumption, the first step that was carried out was to use multi-hop communications. That particular stage was followed by an extraction stage in which the power hole problem was handled by an unequal clustering by shrinking the size of the cluster around BS and using fuzzy logic protocols to determine the competing radius. Fuzzy logic was used in the final phase. When estimating the distance to BS, CHs were chosen based on the nodes of remaining energy and concentrations. Fuzzy Logic-based clustering protocol FLUC (unequally clustered) and the Fuzzy Based Clustering and Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol (FCERP) algorithms were suggested. The algorithm was used to evaluate the scalability in terms of node count, node density, and BS location. The suggested FLUC-FCERP method decreased the amount of control packets broadcast, optimized FND, HND, and LND variables, and saved energy based on the assessments. By using the maximum power of CH node in combination with a set threshold limit had improved the performance of the system. Major limitation of the study was that the energy efficiency was achieved based on the best threshold value. In future, the real time node processing with deep learning algorithms can be tested to improve the power factors.