Food security and sustainable development is making a mandatory move in the entire human race. The attainment of this goal requires man to strive for a highly advanced state in the field of agriculture so that he can produce crops with a minimum amount of water and fertilizer. Even though our agricultural methodologies have undergone a series of metamorphoses in the process of a present smart-agricultural system, a long way is ahead to attain a system that is precise and accurate for the optimum yield and profitability. Towards such a futuristic method of cultivation, this paper proposes a novel method for monitoring the efficient flow of a small quantity of water through the conventional irrigation system in cultivation using Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks (CWSN). The performance measure is simulated the creation of edge-fixed geodetic clusters using Mat lab’s Cup-carbon tool in order to evaluate the suggested irrigation process model’s performance. The findings of blocks 1 and 2 are assessed. Each signal takes just a little amount of energy to communicate, according to the performance. It is feasible to save energy while maintaining uninterrupted communication between nodes and cluster chiefs. However, the need for proper placement of a dynamic control station in WSN still exists for maintaining connectivity and for improving the lifetime fault tolerance of WSN. Based on the minimum edge fixed geodetic sets of the connected graph, this paper offers an innovative method for optimizing the placement of control stations. The edge-fixed geodetic cluster makes the network fast, efficient and reliable. Moreover, it also solves routing and congestion problems.
Almost all forms of agriculture solely depend upon irrigation, as water is the most incredibly valuable and unavoidable resource for the plants to germinate, grow and yield. Hence it is supplied in surplus on most occasions in conventional farming that does not provide any method to ensure that the water resource is perfectly utilized directly by the root system of the plants. A large quantity of water will become waste or unused in the conventional agriculture adversely affecting the water cycle too and here arises the necessity of innovation for tackling the problem to have sustainable agriculture in which technology can be used for accurately analyzing the distribution of water as well as fertilizers right to the root system of the plants. Agriculture is considered to be one of the vital sources for all living beings. Nowadays environmental changes have tremendously shaken the entire globe. To overcome this, WSN takes an important role in the field of agriculture [
Innovation in the field of agriculture can be achieved through, modern technologies that help to assist communication and control within the devices. [
On the other hand, the routing table is frequently updated when changes occur in network topology [
To overcome these constraints, the clustering technique is considered to be one of the prominent methodologies. Finding out the most suitable and meaningful cluster in a large and complex network is a vital factor. The necessity of clustering is to partition the data into a certain number of groups with homogeneous characteristics under certain conditions.
This paper descriptively brings out such a meaningful cluster of sensor nodes controlled by the respective control stations using edge-fixed geodetic sets, which are determined by an algorithm with polynomial time complexity. Calculation of geodetic paths and nodes on geodetic paths in this algorithm is achieved by Floyd Warshall algorithm [
In a connected graph
Network-based graph decomposition method is proposed to simplify the water supply system using a calibration tool. According to this mechanism, various connectivity properties are introduced in the field of analysis of the Water Supply System (WSS). Vertices of the graph are denoted as nodes and their connections as links. A genetic algorithm is used to solve a large complex problem, which proved to be an efficient optimization method.
Unpredictable climate change leads to scarcity of water. Since many countries face water scarcity, efficient water management for irrigation purposes is essential. The author keeping in mind the serious water crisis in the state of Andra Pradesh, an effective optimization technique, a Network-based optimization approach for irrigation systems has been developed from the (PDS) Pennar Delta System.
Graph theory was used to design the River-Lake System of Fenhu Industrial Park in China in 2018. The area is located located downstream of Taihu Lake, China’s second-largest lake, and is susceptible to flooding [
Based on various investigations, the author has given an overview of wireless sensor networks and their application. Recent developments in WSNs, and research problems in Wireless sensor networks have also been addressed. Obstacles in WSN are identified, and to be addressed in the future. The author has given an insight into the various standards and technologies available in WSN, and various other emerging technologies. WSN with IoT technology is used to connect the devices and collect and distribute the data. MQTT is simple and lightweight and is more advanced than HTTP.
Wireless Sensor Network application has been widely used in various fields [
A mathematical model [
Xiang et al (2021) [
Qin et al (2021) [
Analysis of clustering technique is used to improve energy consumption. Hybrid WSN method, especially for agriculture to deploy various nodes is experimented with. Experiments were conducted in soil, which has 35% silt, 15% clay and 50% sand. Several soil moistures were used for this experiment (5% to 25%) and three signal frequencies (433 MHz, 868 MHz and 915 MHz). A test model was developed that helps to determine the path loss and bit fault rate that operated under water contents and different frequencies.
In fields including as electrical and civil engineering, chemistry, social networks, and operational research, graph theory has become an essential methodology. Graphs are used in sensor networks, finance, or smart cities. Based on sensing positions, a vertex connectivity scheme is determined.
Researchers have utilized WSN technology in several areas to sense the environmental data. However, the agricultural land still faces some challenges, like open transmission medium, data routing, security, energy efficiency and limited battery power of sensors [
This research work presents a graph model of an irrigation network for agricultural applications, of more than 1000 hectors. To make the system proficient and cost effective, the over-all area is divided into different blocks, where each block is the collection of fields with multi crop farming. Soil can be better utilized to increase the crops production [ Determine the water requirements of the agriculture field Formation of edge fixed geodetic set Optimal placement of control stations
Multi-crop farming [
Two irrigation tanks are placed in each block and the tanks in a selected block are mutually connected. Each field Fj is connected to any one of the tanks in the respective block. Moist sensors are placed at the root zone of the plant [
The network model contains a finite number of sensor nodes deployed in fields then control stations.
In order to, an effective supply of water, an automated water tank system is proposed. The water demand varies over time depending on various factors such as humidity, shading, type and size of plants and the quantity of air circulation. In certain situations more water supplies are necessary. In such a situation, the continuous supply of water may cause damage to pumps under different climatic conditions. To avert such hazards, the mutual connection of multi-tank is proposed. Thereby all the tanks placed in every block are mutually connected to share water among them according to the need and availability.
Due to uninterrupted communication with the base station, where there is a possibility of power drainage in sensors, which results in the inability to monitor the region that affects the effective distribution of water. To save the battery power, the placement of the control station is essential. We proposed a system with remote control valves and the valves at each field are controlled by its control stations. In addition, the control stations not only collect and store data about the usage of water in each field but also monitor the occurrence of interruption in connection as well as water loss. This paper brings to light the modeling of optimal placement of control stations using the edge fixed geodetic sets of a connected graph and the terminologies are tabulated in
Symbols | Meaning |
---|---|
Tank | |
Moist sensors | |
Sensors placed in the tank | |
Edge fixed geodetic sets | |
Extreme nodes | |
Edge | |
Intermediary nodes between |
|
Distance between the nodes |
|
Clusters |
Graphs are basic mathematical structures that are used to characterize data, signals, and processes ina a various domains. Graphs are mathematical structures made up of sets vertices and edges that are utilized to represent pairwise relations (edges) among numbers of objects (vertices) [
The proposed irrigation process network is an emerging next-generation (WMN) Wireless Mesh Network made up of numerous sensor nodes organized in a mesh topology as it has the advantage to communicate through any intermediate nodes even in the case of any node failure and it is modeled by a connected graph
For each pair of nodes
The total irrigation system is modeled as a associated graph
A method is proposed to cluster the sensors of subfields by fixing the edge
In the subfield Let Based on every element in Let
The proposed method of selecting cluster head by edge fixed geodetic set helps the optimum placement of control stations. For the sensors placed in the tank
Intermediary nodes between
Consider a graph model of agricultural land with two blocks
The positions of elements in the set
The analysis had made for the network given in
This section presents the simulation setup of forming edge fixed geodetic clusters using Cup-carbon tool in Mat lab to measure the performance of the proposed irrigation process model using edge fixed geodetic sets. The results are evaluated, for block 1 and block 2. The performance clearly reveals that, energy required for communication of nodes per each signal is relatively low. The energy is efficiently saved, and efficient communication takes place within the node and cluster head without any interrupts. The proposed methodology can be carried out for larger networks.
Cluster head/Control station | Cluster elements |
---|---|
S2 | S27, S35, S8, S23, S4, S15 |
S3 | S26, S24, S34, S38, S18 |
S10 | S40, S21, S11, S10, S25, S9 |
S17 | S31, S30, S6, S19 |
S29 | S20, S214, S13, S36, S12, S16, S33 |
S5 | S1, S7, S28 |
This investigation deals with the issues about the Wireless sensor network that arose in the irrigation process. The main motive behind this study is to identify the anomalies related to power-saving and efficient irrigation in the fields where the multi-crop system is adopted. Based on shortest paths in graph theory, a new method of fixing stations and forming clusters using geodetic concepts reduces communication loss while increasing the communication efficiency of control stations by reducing the communication distance between stations. As a result of the simulation, the cost of energy per node of the edge-fixed geodetic cluster is less than 0.0225 joules per signal per node, indicating high performance between transmitters and receivers. From these results, it is evident that optimal placement of the control station along with the geodetic concepts in graph theory have strengthened a tremendous increase in the performance by reducing the energy consumption and thereby increasing the lifetime of sensors in the agrarian system.
We would like to thank the reviewers for their thoughtful comments and efforts towards improving our manuscript.