Comparative Numerical Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics in Sisko Al₂O₃-Eg and TiO₂-Eg Fluids on a Stretched Surface

Nomenclature

1  Introduction

At present, providing efficient thermal fluids for heat transfer and cooling purposes, particularly in engineering practice, has become increasingly challenging. Therefore, it remains a significant undertaking for researchers. Various approaches can be employed to enhance heat transfer. The thermal conductivity of any nanofluid is affected by the type, size, and shape of the nanoparticles involved. The primary purpose of nanoliquids is to enhance the thermal conductivity within heat transfer fluids. Generally, nanoliquids are created by suspending nanoparticles in base fluids such as water, oil, kerosene, and so on. Nanoliquids represent the cutting edge of technological advancement in this field. The extensive practical implications of nanotechnology have sparked enthusiasm across various technological and industrial domains. These span sectors like information technology, power generation, ecological studies, healthcare, national security, food integrity, and transportation.

Several research studies have contributed to these advancements. Tasawar et al. [1] conducted a classical study on the rotating disk problem, while Ramesh et al. [2] explored the anomalous thermal behavior between two rotating disks. Choi et al. [3] investigated the enhancement of thermal conductivity in nanotube suspensions. Sheremet et al. [4] discussed the influence of a constant magnetic field on mixed convection in a trapezoidal cavity filled with Cu-water nanofluid. Hassan et al. [5] focused on the combined effects of heat and mass transfer (HMT), as well as the impact of thermal radiation, in the flow of sisko nanofluid with gold nanoparticles using blood as the base fluid. These studies contribute to our understanding and application of nanotechnology in improving heat transfer and fluid dynamics in various systems.

In the domain of computational investigation, Sheremet et al. [6] performed research to explore the impact of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis on natural convection within a water-based nanofluid, constrained within two triangular cavities. The remaining walls of the cavities were maintained at a low constant temperature, while the top and bottom walls were kept at a high constant temperature. Furthermore, Sheremet et al. [7] conducted numerical scrutiny of heat transfer during steady-state free convection within a right-angled triangular porous enclosure that was occupied by a nanofluid, using the Buongiorno model. An evaluation of statistical patterns pertaining to free convection heat conveyance within a parallelogram-shaped enclosure with porous media was specifically undertaken, focusing on Cu-water nanoliquids [8]. Moreover, the utilization of the fifth-order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg technique in conjunction with a shooting method is deployed to explore the impacts of a consistent magnetic field and nonlinear thermal radiation on the transfer of mass and heat within the flow of Sisko nanofluid over an extending surface [9,10]. These numerical studies contribute to the understanding of heat transfer phenomena in various complex systems and environments.

Convective boundary conditions and thermal radiation were harnessed by Jyothi et al. [11] to explore the characteristics of flow and heat transfer involving single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) positioned amidst two rotating discs. The investigation encompassed diverse combinations of rotating and stretching velocities. Hashim et al. [12] developed a new model to examine the intricacies of HMT in the flow of Carreau nanoliquids. Hayat et al. [13] studied the three-dimensional Darcy-Forchheimer flow of Carreau nanofluid with a convectively heated surface, considering zero nanoparticles mass flux conditions. Raju et al. [14] investigated the flow of nanofluid over a bidirectional stretching surface in a porous medium, incorporating thermal radiation and the effects of non-uniform heat source/sink along with magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and the Sisko ferro model. Reddy et al. [15] conducted a numerical analysis of HMT in single-phase nanofluid scenarios over rotating cylinders, considering the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and slip effects. These studies contribute to our understanding of heat transfer phenomena and fluid dynamics in various nanofluid systems under different boundary conditions.

An experimental exploration into the heat transfer and flow attributes of nanoliquids containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) within a double-pipe heat exchanger was carried out by Moradi et al. [16]. Hashim et al. [17] engaged in numerical investigation of the HMT characteristics of Williamson nanofluid over a wedge geometry, accounting for temporal variations. Sreedevi et al. [18] delved into the analysis of HMT within a vertical cone, incorporating both single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes, and incorporating convective boundary conditions. Li et al. [19] analyzed HMT in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Williamson nanofluid over an exponentially porous stretching surface, noting the effects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters on heat transmission rate. Veera et al. [20] investigated MHD fluid flow of nanoliquids through a vertically traveling absorbent plate in the existence of radiation absorption. Azmi et al. [21] examined heat transmission and friction concerns in the turbulent flow of titanium oxide (TiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoliquids within a tube. An artificial neural network (ANN) framework was introduced by Ahmadloo et al. [22] to anticipate the thermal conductivity ratio of diverse nanoliquids concerning the base fluid. This prediction model takes input variables like the nature of nanoparticles and the base fluid into consideration. Investigation into the interplay of heat and mass transfer within an unsteady chemically reactive boundary layer flow was undertaken by Prashar et al. [23]. This study focused on a ZnO-MWCNTs/ethylene glycol hybrid nanoliquid and encompassed the incorporation of a non-Newtonian flow model alongside Arrhenius activation energy effects. The impact of nanoparticle migration on the convective heat transfer coefficient within nanoliquids based on Al2O3-EG/water was subject to experimental inquiry by Choi et al. [24]. Nabil et al. [25] conducted empirical research into the heat transfer and friction factor of nanoliquids containing TiO2-SiO2, in conjunction with an H2O:EG mixture. Maddah et al. [26] experimentally examined the heat exchanger performance using Al2O3-TiO2 hybrid nanofluid in the presence of thermal radiation. Urmi et al. [27] discussed the thermophysical properties of 40% EG-based TiO2-Al2O3 hybrid nanoliquids and highlighted the improved thermal conductivity and low viscosity of hybrid nanoliquids for realistic heat transfer applications. Yıldız et al. [28] evaluated the efficacy of heat transfer within an Al2O3-SiO2/H2O hybrid nanofluid, additionally contrasting theoretical and experimental models for thermal conductivity. Several researchers [29–31] have undertaken investigations into the heat transfer attributes of diverse fluids, while considering a range of geometries.

This paper focuses on the analysis of HMT characteristics of MHD Sisko nanoliquid over a stretching sheet, with a specific emphasis on comparing Al2O3-Eg and TiO2-Eg nanoliquids. The study takes into account slip conditions and radiation effects. It is noteworthy that this topic has not been previously addressed, making this analysis novel and unique. The outcomes of this study bear immediate relevance in numerous domains, notably in the blending of lubricants, food products, and the fusion of plasma with lubricants and moisturizers.

2  Problem Formulation

Under consideration is a stretching sheet characterized by velocities, viz., u=c1x1−βt,v=d1y1−βt within the context of a 3D MHD Sisko nanoliquid. This nanoliquid is formulated utilizing Al2O3 and TiO2 as nanoparticles, while Eg serves as the base fluid. These cases are visually represented in Fig. 1. Observation reveals that u represents the velocity along the x-axis, where c1>0 signifies the stretching rate, while v denotes the velocity along the y-axis, where d1>0 signifies the stretching rate. Fluid movement is constrained to the z-axis and maintains parallel alignment with the surface. A logical assumption can be made that the temperature of the nanoliquid is higher near the sheet’s surface compared to temperatures observed at substantial distances. Moreover, an external magnetic field denoted as B-0 is exerted along the direction of the y-axis. In Table 1, comprehensive information pertaining to the thermophysical characteristics of the nanoliquids is provided. The governing equations that encompass momentum, energy, and concentration factors, accommodating fluctuations in both thermal conductivity and viscosity, can be formulated as in Eqs. (1)–(5), in accordance with the assumptions [3–5].

∂v∂y+∂v∂y+∂w∂z=0(1)

u∂u∂x+v∂u∂y+w∂u∂z=μnfρnf∂∂z(μ(T)∂u∂z)−bρnf∂∂z(−∂u∂z)n−σnfρnfB02u(2)

u∂v∂x+v∂v∂y+w∂v∂z=μnfρnf(∂∂z(μ(T)∂v∂z))−bρnf∂∂z(−∂u∂z)n−1∂v∂z−σnfρnfB02v(3)

u∂T∂x+v∂T∂y+w∂T∂z=Knf(ρcp)nf(∂∂z(K(T)∂T∂z))−1(ρcp)nf∂qr∂z(4)

u∂C∂x+v∂C∂y+w∂c∂w=DB∂2C∂z2−Kr(c−c∞)(5)

Figure 1: Physical explanation and cartesian geometry of the problem

The related boundary situations are

at z→0,

u=uw=c1x1−βt∂u∂z;v=vw=d1y1−βt;T=Tw=T∞+c1x1−βt∂T∂z;C=Cw=C∞+c1x1−βt∂C∂z(6)

at z→∞,

u→0,v→0,T→T∞,C→C∞(7)

To reorganize the mathematical analysis of the problem, we introduce the following similarity transformations:

u=c1x1−βtf′(η),v=d1y1−βtg′(η),

W=−c1(cn−2bρf)1n+1[ 2nn+1f(η)+η(1−n1+n)f' (η)+g(η) ]xn−11+n(1−βt)1−2nn+1,η=Z(cn−2bρf)1n+1x1−n1+n(1−βt)n−2n+1,θ(η)=T−T∞Tw−T∞;S(η)=C−C∞Cw−C∞(8)

The nanoliquid’s dynamic viscosity µnf, density ρnf, thermal diffusivity αnf, heat capacitance (ρcp)nf, thermal conductivity knf, electric conductivity σnf along with base fluid’s kinematic viscosity νf are categorized as follows:

µnf=µf(1−φ)2.5(ρcp)nf=(1−φ)(ρcp)f+φ(ρcp)nf,ρnf=(1−φ)ρf+ρnfφknf=kf((1−φ)+2φ(knfknf−kf)ln⁡(knf+kf2kf)(1−φ)+2φ(kfknf−kf)ln⁡(knf+kf2kf)),σnfσf=1+3(σnfσf−1)ϕ(σnfσf+2)−(σnfσf−1)ϕ,αnf=knf(ρcp)nf(9)

Through the utilization of the Rosseland approximation to model radiation effects, the radiative heat flux, qr can be characterized as follows:

qr=−4σ*3K*∂T4∂z(10)

Assuming that the temperature variations within the flow result in an approximation of the T4 term as a linear function of temperature, this is achieved by expanding T4 using a Taylor series centered around the free stream temperature T∞ which can be characterized as follows:

T4=T∞4+4T∞3(T−T∞)+6T∞2(T−T∞)2+…(11)

Disregarding terms of higher order in above Eq. (11) past the linear degree in (T−T∞), we get

T4≅4T∞3T−3T∞4.(12)

Thus, substituting Eq. (12) into Eq. (10), we get

qr=−16T∞3σ*3K*∂T∂z.(13)

Utilizing Eqs. (8), (9), and (13), the controlling non-linear partial differential Eqs.(1)–(5), in conjunction with the boundary constraints (6) and (7), are simplified to

PrB[(1+ϵθ)f‴+ϵθ′f″]−A1A2Bn(−f″)n−1f‴+MA1f′+A1A2[2nn+1f+g]f″−A1A2f′2=0(14)

PrB[(1+ϵθ)g‴+ϵθ′g″]−A1B(n−1)(−f″)n−2f‴g″+MA1g′+A1A2[2nn+1f+g]g″−A1A2g′2=0(15)

[(1+ϵθ)θ″+ϵθ′]+RA4Aθ″+A3A4[2nn+1f+g]θ′−A3A4f′θ=0(16)

S″−Sc Cr S− Scϕf′+Sc[2nn+1f+g]S′=0(17)

The renovated boundary conditions are

f(0)=V0,f′(0)=1+λf″,g(0)=0,θ(0)=1+ξθ′,S(0)=1+βS′,f′(∞)→1,g′(0)=0,θ(∞)→0,S(∞)→0(18)

where, main denotes ordinary differentiation with respect to η. In conventional notation,

Pr=µfρf, M=σB02ρf(1−βtc1) , k1=νf2Kω1, R=16T∞3σ*3K*kf, A1=(1−φ)2.5,

λ=(c11−βt)Reb1n+1, ξ=(c11−βt)2Reb1n+1(Tw−T∞), A2=(1−φ)+φ(ρsρf), A=Reb2n+1Rea,τ=βc1,

 Sc=1DB, Cr=kr(1−βt)c1, β=(c11−βt)2Reb1n+1(Cw−C∞), A3=(1−φ)+φ((ρCp)s(ρCp)f), A4=kfknf,

q=16T∞3σ*3K*kf, Rea=Uwxρfa, Reb=Uw2−nxnρfb

The skin-friction coefficients in the x and y directions, as well as the local Nusselt number (Nux), and the local Sherwood number (Shx) are all important quantities in this field and can be defined as follows:

Cfx=τxz12ρUw2, Cfy=τyz12ρUw2, Nux=−xqw(Tf−T∞)(∂T∂z)|z=0, Shx=−xJw(Cf−C∞)(∂C∂z)|z=0

The afore mentioned in the form of non–dimensional variables are

12Reb1n+1Cfx=Af″(0)−[(−f″(0))]n,

12Rea1n+1Cfy=VwUw[Ag″(0)+[(−f″(0))(n−1)g″(0)]]

Re−1n+1Nux=−θ′(0),Re−1n+1Shx=−S′(0)

3  Numerical Method of Solution

The numerical technique known as the finite element method (FEM) [28–30] is utilized for the computation of Eqs. (14)–(17) in conjunction with boundary conditions (18). In contrast to alternative numerical approaches, FEM is recognized as a sophisticated method for precisely and effectively solving both partial and ordinary differential equations.

3.1 FEM

FEM proves highly adept at resolving both regular and partial differential equations. This technique functions by partitioning the complete domain into smaller units referred to as “finite elements,” each possessing bounded dimensions as depicted in Fig. 2. This approach is especially fitting for tackling integral equations spanning diverse domains, including heat conduction, fluid dynamics, chemical engineering, electrical networks, and other branches of engineering science.

Figure 2: Stages in FEM

Choosing appropriate form functions to approximate real functions is a pivotal consideration. When tackling the solution of a system of non-linear ordinary differential Eqs. (14)–(17) coupled with boundary conditions (18), the first assumption is that.

dfdη=h(19)

The Eqs. (14) to (17) then reduces to

PrB[h″(1+ϵθ)+ϵθ′h′]−A1A2Bn(−h′)n−1h″+MA1h+A1A2[(2n1+n)f+g]h′−A1A2h2=0(20)

dgdη=k(21)

PrB[k″(1+ϵθ)+ϵθ′k′]−A1B(n−1)(−h′)n−2h″k′+MA1k+A1A2[(2n1+n)f+g]k′−A1A2k2=0(22)

[(1+ϵθ)θ″+ϵθ]+RA4Aθ″+A3A4[(2n1+n)f+g]θ′−A3A4hθ=0(23)

S″−ScCrS−ScSh+Sc[(2n1+n)f+g]S′=0(24)

The boundary conditions take the form

f(0)=V0,h(0)=1+λh′,g(0)=0,θ(0)=1+ξθ′,S(0)=1+βS′,h(∞)→1,k(0)→0,θ(∞)→0,S(∞)→0(25)

3.2 Variational Formulation

The variational formulation corresponding to Eqs. (19) to (24) across a standard linear element (ηe,ηe+1) is expressed as

∫ηeηe+1w1(dfdη−h)dη=0(26)

∫ηeηe+1w2(PrB[h″(1+ϵθ)+ϵθ′h′]−A1A2Bn(−h′)n−1h″+MA1h+A1A2[(2n1+n)f+g]h′−A1A2h2)dη=0(27)

∫ηeηe+1w3(dgdη−k)dη=0(28)

∫ηeηe+1w4(PrB[k″(1+ϵθ)+ϵθ′k′]−A1B(n−1)(−h′)n−2h″k′+MA1k+A1A2[(2n1+n)f+g]k′−A1A2k2)dη=0(29)

∫ηeηe+1w5([(1+ϵθ)θ″+ϵθ]+RAA4θ″+A3A4[(2n1+n)f+g]θ′−A3A4hθ)dη=0(30)

∫ηeηe+1w6(S″−ScCrS−ScSh+Sc[(2n1+n)f+g]S′)dη=0(31)

here w1,w2,w3,w4,w5 and w6 represent arbitrary test functions and can be seen as variations in f,h,g,k,θ and S correspondingly.

3.3 Finite Element Formulation

Upon incorporating finite element approximations of the specified kind into the above-mentioned equations, the finite element model can be generated.

f=∑j=12fjψj, h=∑j=12hjψj, g=∑j=12gjψj, k=∑j=12kjψj, θ=∑j=12θjψj, S =∑j=12Sjψj.

with, w1=w2=w3=w4=w5=w6=ψi,(i=1,2,3,4,5,6).

where ψi are the shape functions for a typical element (ηe,ηe+1) and are indicated as

ψ1e=(ηe+1+ηe−2η)(ηe+1−η)(ηe+1−ηe)2,ψ2e=4(η−ηe)(ηe+1−η)(ηe+1−ηe)2,ψ3e=(ηe+1+ηe−2η)(η−ηe)(ηe+1−ηe)2,ηe≤η≤ηe+1(32)

The resulting finite element representation of the formulated equations is as follows:

[[K11][K12][K13][K14][K15][K16][K21][K22][K23][K24][K25][K26][K31][K32][K33][K34][K35][K36][K41][K42][K43][K44][K45][K46][K51][K52][K53][K54][K55][K56][K61][K62][K63][K64][K65][K66]][fhgkθS]=[{r1}{r2}{r3}{r4}{r5}{r6}]

where [Kmn] and [rm] (m, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) are defined as

Kij11=∫ηeηe+1ψi∂ψj∂ηdη,Kij12=−∫ηeηe+1ψiψjdη,Kij13=Kij14=Kij15=Kij16=Kij21=0

Kij22=PrB∫ηeηe+1(1+ϵψi)∂ψi∂η∂ψj∂ηdη+PrBϵθ1′¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1∂ψj∂ηdη+PrBϵθ2′¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2∂ψj∂ηdη+A1A2Bn∫ηeηe+1(−∂ψi∂η)n−1∂ψi∂η∂ψj∂ηdη+MA1∫ηeηe+1ψiψjdη+A1A2(2n1+n)f1¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1∂ψj∂ηdη+A1A2(2n1+n)f2¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2∂ψj∂ηdη+A1A2g1¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1∂ψj∂ηdη+A1A2g2¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2∂ψj∂ηdη+A1A2∫ηeηe+1(∂ψi∂η)2dη=0

Kij23=0,Kij24=0,Kij25=0,Kij26=0,Kij31=∫ηeηe+1ψi∂ψj∂ηdη

Kij32=−∫ηeηe+1ψiψjdη,  Kij33=0,Kij34=0,Kij35=0,Kij36=0

Kij41=0,Kij42=0,Kij43=0,

Kij44=PrB∫ηeηe+1(1+ϵψi)∂ψi∂η∂ψj∂ηdη+PrBϵθ1′¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1∂ψj∂ηdη+PrBϵθ2′¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2∂ψj∂ηdη−A1B(n−1)∫ηeηe+1(−∂ψi∂η)n−2(∂2ψi∂η2)ψi(∂ψj∂η)dη+MA1∫ηeηe+1ψiψjdη+A1A2(2n1+n)f1¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1∂ψj∂ηdη+A1A2(2n1+n)f2¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2∂ψj∂ηdη+A1A2g1¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1∂ψj∂ηdη+A1A2g2¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2∂ψj∂ηdη−A1A2∫ηeηe+1(ψi)2dη=0

Kij45=0,Kij46=0,Kij51=0 Kij52=0,Kij53=0,Kij54=0

Kij55=∫ηeηe+1(1+ϵψi)∂ψi∂η∂ψj∂ηdη+ϵ∫ηeηe+1ψiψjdη+RAA4∫ηeηe+1∂ψi∂η∂ψj∂ηdη+A3A4τ∫ηeηe+1ψiψjdη+∫ηeηe+1A3A4(2n1+n)f1¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1∂ψj∂ηdη+A3A4(2n1+n)f2¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2∂ψj∂ηdη+A3A4g1¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1∂ψj∂ηdη+A3A4g2¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2∂ψj∂ηdη−A3A4h1¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1ψjdη−A3A4h2¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2ψjdη=0

Kij56=0,Kij61=0,Kij62=0,Kij63=0,Kij64=0,

Kij66=∫ηeηe+1∂ψi∂η∂ψj∂ηdη–ScCr∫ηeηe+1ψiψjdη+Sc(2n1+n)f1¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1∂ψj∂ηdη+Sc(2n1+n)f2¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2∂ψj∂ηdη+Scg1¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1∂ψj∂ηdη+Scg2¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2∂ψj∂ηdη−Sch1¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ1ψjdη−Sch2¯∫ηeηe+1ψiψ2ψjdη=0

ri2=0, ri2=−(ψidψidη)ηeηe+1,  ri3=−(ψidψidη)ηeηe+1,  ri4=−(ψidψidη)ηeηe+1,  ri5=−(ψidψidη)ηeηe+1,  ri6=−(ψidψidη)ηeηe+1

4  Results and Discussions

The comparison of sisko Al2O3-Eg and TiO2-Eg numerical resolutions of nanoliquids flow over a stretching sheet in the existence of MHD, were exemplified for various values of the related parameters and results were exposed graphically as well as in tabular form. The influence of the volume fraction parameter (ϕ) on the thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary layer, thermal boundary layer, and concentration boundary layer is depicted in the study of both Sisko Al₂O₃-Eg and TiO₂-Eg nanoliquids using Figs. 3–5. It is identified that a rise in the value of (ϕ) tends to a fall in the radial velocity and temperature profiles. This reduction is more pronounced in the case of TiO₂-Eg nanofluid compared to Al₂O₃-Eg nanofluid. However, the concentration profiles exhibit an inverted behavior.

Figure 3: Illustration of f′ against ϕ

Figure 4: Representation of θ against ϕ

Figure 5: Variation of S against ϕ

The impact of the magnetic parameter (M) on the radial velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles of Sisko Al₂O₃-Eg and TiO₂-Eg nanoliquids is illustrated in Figs. 6–8. The radial velocity profile exhibits a rise with higher values of (M) for both nanoliquids, with TiO₂-Eg nanofluid showing a more significant enhancement compared to Al₂O₃-Eg nanofluid. On the other hand, the temperature profiles deteriorate for both Al₂O₃-Eg and TiO₂-Eg nanoliquids as (M) increases. This reduction is more pronounced in TiO₂-Eg nanofluid compared to Al₂O₃-Eg nanofluid. A similar decline is observed in the concentration profiles, with Al₂O₃-Eg nanofluid exhibiting a higher decrease than TiO₂-Eg nanofluid.

Figure 6: Illustration of f′ against M

Figure 7: Presentation of θ against M

Figure 8: Variation of S against M

The effects of the Siskofluid parameter (B) on the radial velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles of Sisko Al₂O₃-Eg and TiO₂-Eg nanoliquids are depicted in Figs. 9–11. In both nanoliquids, an increase in (B) leads to an increase in the radial velocity profiles. The temperature profiles, on the other hand, decrease with higher values of (B) for both Al₂O₃-Eg and TiO₂-Eg nanoliquids. This phenomenon is more pronounced in TiO₂-Eg-based nanofluid. Conversely, the concentration profiles increase with escalating values of (B). This accumulation trend is more significant in Al₂O₃-Eg nanofluid compared to TiO₂-Eg-based nanofluid.

Figure 9: Variation of f′ against B

Figure 10: Variation of θ against B

Figure 11: Variation of S against B

Figs. 12 and 13 illustrate the effects of the Prandtl number (Pr) on the enhancements of radial velocity and temperature profiles in Sisko Al₂O₃-Eg and TiO₂-Eg based nanoliquids. The radial velocity exhibits an increase with increasing values of Pr, and it is observed that this increase is more pronounced in TiO₂-Eg nanofluid compared to Al₂O₃-Eg nanofluid. The same trend is observed in the temperature profiles as well.

Figure 12: Variation of f′ against Pr

Figure 13: Illustration of θ against Pr

From the observations in Figs. 14and 15, it is evident that the profiles of radial velocity and temperature intensify in both Sisko Al₂O₃-Eg and TiO₂-Eg based nanoliquids as the Schmidt number (Sc) increases. Moreover, this enhancement is more significant in TiO₂-Eg nanofluid compared to Al₂O₃-Eg nanofluid. As for the chemical reaction parameter (Cr). Figs. 16 and 17 showcase the influence of the chemical reaction parameter (Cr) on the radial velocity and concentration distributions in Sisko Al₂O₃-Eg and TiO₂-Eg based nanoliquids. It is observed that the reduction in both nanoliquids is slightly more pronounced in TiO₂-Eg nanofluid compared to Al₂O₃-Eg nanofluid in terms of the concentration distributions.

Figure 14: Variation of f′ against Sc

Figure 15: Variation of θ against Sc

Figure 16: Variation of f′ against Cr

Figure 17: Illustration of S against Cr

Figs. 18 and 19 depict the variations in radial velocity and temperature profiles for different values of the Reynolds number (R) in both Sisko Al₂O₃-Eg and TiO₂-Eg based nanoliquids. It is observed that as the values of R increase, there is a decrease in the radial distributions for both nanoliquids. Furthermore, this decrease is more pronounced in TiO₂-Eg nanofluid compared to Al₂O₃-Eg nanofluid.

Figure 18: Variation of f′ against R

Figure 19: Variation of θ against R

In Fig. 19, it is observed that the temperature variations are significant in both nanoliquids, with TiO₂-Eg nanofluid exhibiting higher scatterings compared to Al₂O₃-Eg nanofluid. Figs. 20–22 present the radial velocity, temperature, and concentration variations for different values of the nanoparticle volume fraction (Nv) in Sisko Al₂O₃-Eg and TiO₂-Eg based nanoliquids. As the values of Nv increase, the radial velocity intensifies in both nanoliquids. This intensification is more pronounced in TiO₂-Eg based nanofluid compared to Al₂O₃-Eg based nanofluid. The temperature variations also increase with higher values of Nv, and this increment is more significant in TiO₂-Eg based nanofluid compared to Al₂O₃-Eg based nanofluid. Additionally, there is a reversed pattern in the concentration distributions, where Al₂O₃-Eg based nanofluid shows more significant changes compared to TiO₂-Eg based nanofluid.

Figure 20: Variation of f′ against η