Open Access

ARTICLE

Heat Transfer and Flow Dynamics of Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid over a Permeable Disk under Magnetic Field and Joule Heating Effects

Umi Nadrah Hussein¹, Najiyah Safwa Khashi’ie^1,*, Norihan Md Arifin², Ioan Pop³

1 Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, 76100, Malaysia
2 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
3 Department of Mathematics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 400084, Romania

* Corresponding Author: Najiyah Safwa Khashi’ie. Email:

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer 2025, 23(2), 383-395. https://doi.org/10.32604/fhmt.2025.063023

Received 02 January 2025; Accepted 27 February 2025; Issue published 25 April 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the heat transfer and flow dynamics of a ternary hybrid nanofluid comprising alumina, copper, and silica/titania nanoparticles dispersed in water. The analysis considers the effects of suction, magnetic field, and Joule heating over a permeable shrinking disk. A mathematical model is developed and converted to a system of differential equations using similarity transformation which then, solved numerically using the bvp4c solver in Matlab software. The study introduces a novel comparative analysis of alumina-copper-silica and alumina-copper-titania nanofluids, revealing distinct thermal conductivity behaviors and identifying critical suction values necessary for flow stabilization. Dual solutions are found within a specific range of parameters such that the minimum required suction values for flow stability, with for alumina-copper-silica/water and for alumina-copper-titania/water. The results indicate that increasing suction by 1% enhances the skin friction coefficient by up to 4.17% and improves heat transfer efficiency by approximately 1%, highlighting its crucial role in stabilizing the opposing flow induced by the shrinking disk. Additionally, the inclusion of 1% silica nanoparticles reduces both skin friction and heat transfer rate by approximately 0.28% and 0.85%, respectively, while 1% titania concentration increases skin friction by 3.02% but results in a slight heat transfer loss of up to 0.61%. These findings confirm the superior thermal performance of alumina-copper-titania/water, making it a promising candidate for enhanced cooling systems, energy-efficient heat exchangers, and industrial thermal management applications.

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