With the Green Deal, the European Union is pursuing the goal of comprehensively creating a CO2-neutral economy and society by 2050. Sales of internal combustion vehicles still significantly exceed those of electric ones, highlighting the need for bridging technologies to achieve the ambitious goals in the transport sector. Such technologies include Fischer-Tropsch and dimethyl ether-to-gasoline synthesis. The latter synthesizes aromatics-rich byproducts in addition to a valuable gasoline fraction, reducing process yields. The gasoline also lacks low-boiling components and contains a high concentration of 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene (durene), posing a risk of crystallization. Hydroprocessing of the heavy ends can improve petrochemical parameters. At the same time, the content of unsaturated molecules is lowered, improving the emission tendency of the fuel.
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David Graf, Philipp Neuner, Reinhard Rauch*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2169-2192, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.022759
Abstract The number of annually registered internal-combustion vehicles still exceeds electric-driven ones in most regions, e.g., Germany. Ambitious goals are disclosed with the European Green Deal, which calls for new technical approaches and greenhouse gas neutral transition technologies. Such bridging technologies are synthetic fuels for the transportation sector, e.g., using the bioliq® process for a CO2-neutral gasoline supply. Fuels must meet the applicable national standards to be used in existing engines. Petrochemical parameters can be variably adapted to their requirements by hydroprocessing. In this work, we considered the upgrading of aromatic-rich DTG gasoline from the bioliq® process. The heavy gasoline was… More >
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ARTICLE
Yangsheng Sun1, Zhihua Wang1, Gaoqin Wang2, Beibei Wang3,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2193-2210, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020943
Abstract The market power mitigation method of the supply-side has become one of the key points affecting the stability of the electricity spot market. Different mitigation mechanisms are used in the current mature electricity markets of the world. However, the same market power mitigation mechanism shows different effects in different market environments. Every market operator in the world needs the most efficient way to mitigate market power. Considering that there is no relevant literature discussing the market power effects of different mitigation methods in detail, the mitigation effects need to be discussed and further researched. So, we analyze the effects of… More >
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ARTICLE
Yuying Zhang1,2,*, Chen Liang2, Bo Sun2, Qiang Chen3, Mingyang Lei3
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2211-2229, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020341
Abstract The rapid development of electric buses has brought a surge in the number of bus hubs and their charging and discharging capacities. Therefore, the location and construction scale of bus hubs will greatly affect the operation costs and benefits of an urban distribution network in the future. Through the scientific and reasonable planning of public transport hubs on the premise of meeting the needs of basic public transport services, it can reduce the negative impact of electric bus charging loads upon the power grids. Furthermore, it can use its flexible operation characteristics to provide flexible support for the distribution network.… More >
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ARTICLE
Ting Chen1, Oh Kyung Kwon2,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2231-2242, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021289
Abstract With the limited production and use of R245fa, environmentally friendly refrigerant has attracted the attention of researchers. Due to the similar thermal characteristics, R1233zd(E) is considered to be an ideal substitute for R245fa in heat pump systems. In this study, the performance and economic analysis of heat pump systems with R245fa and R1233zd(E) as refrigerants are carried out. The results show that the total cost of R1233zd(E) system is more than 10% higher than that of R245fa system under the same heating load. With the increase of condensation temperature, the heating capacity of both systems decreases, and with the increase… More >
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Yanliang Qiu1,2, Bin Xiong1,2, Zhe Hou1,2,*, Lin Luo3
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2243-2254, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021322
Abstract The shrink fit retaining ring is currently the easiest to install and the most widely used end fixed for structure AC excitation variable speed generator-motor rotor end windings. However, the current research on the effect of high strength sealing on the ventilation and heat dissipation performance of the end is not enough. In this paper, based on the actual structural parameters and periodic symmetry simplification, the three-dimensional coupled calculation model of fluid field and temperature field is established. After solving the fluid and thermal equations, the influence of the length of rotor support block, the height of rotor support block,… More >
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REVIEW
Aman Santoso*, Sumari Sumari, Muhammad Roy Asrori
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2255-2276, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021596
Abstract Biodiesel research has been carried out via transesterification. However, biodiesel products (methyl esters) have
not encountered new insights, because feedstocks have been explored and studied. Various optimum conditions
on transesterification reaction could produce different methyl ester type with different compound. So, this review
describes various oil feedstock that were to find new insights about methyl ester type. The review took the
results of study that has been published with experience for 10 years. The results of the study reviewed on the
transesterification method, characterization of methyl esters, and its components. The component reviewed and
correlated to the literature, structure, and… More >
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ARTICLE
Jiageng Zhang1, Zhengfeng Wang2, Jiguang Huang1, Chao Cheng1, Heng Zhang1, Dan Gao1,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2277-2296, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020795
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Energy)
Abstract
Nowadays, the zero liquid discharge of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater from coal-fired units has attracted the attention of all countries in the world. The pretreatment methods generally have the problems of high operation cost, small treatment capacity, and poor flexibility. However, the membrane method can avoid the above problems. In the current research, it has not been found that someone directly uses submerged ultrafiltration to pretreat FGD wastewater. Therefore, this paper innovatively proposed to directly use ceramic ultrafiltration membrane to treat FGD wastewater, which can ensure effluent quality and improve the flexibility of the pretreatment system. In this paper,… More >
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ARTICLE
Yuxia Han1,2, Jianwen Wang1,2,*, Xin Li3, Xueqing Dong1,2, Caifeng Wen1,2
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2297-2317, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020858
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
Abstract The evolution laws of the large-eddy coherent structure of the wind turbine wake have been evaluated via wind tunnel experiments under uniform and turbulent inflow conditions. The spatial correlation coefficients, the turbulence integral scales and power spectrum are obtained at different tip speed ratios (TSRs) based on the time-resolved particle image velocity (TR-PIV) technique. The results indicate that the large-eddy coherent structures are more likely to dissipate with an increase in turbulence intensity and TSR. Furthermore, the spatial correlation of the longitudinal pulsation velocity is greater than its axial counterpart, resulting into a wake turbulence dominated by the longitudinal pulsation.… More >
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ARTICLE
Xin Xu1,*, Lian Zhang1,2,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2319-2345, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.022457
Abstract Considered as the widespread renewable energy, solar energy is used to produce the electricity and heat for
carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. However, the photo-electric conversion efficiency will decrease with
the increase of cells temperature. To solve this problem, a water-type hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar
system has been designed and tested in Hong Kong. The outdoor experiment proceeded all days in 6 months
with three different operating modes. The data of selected 33 days were used to analyze the performance of the
system. The results showed that the thermal efficiencies were 33.6%, 52%, and 48.3% at zero reduced temperature,
corresponding… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Baoge Zhang1, Shanyan Ping1,*, Haoliang Shi2, Yi Long1, Boxiang Wu1, Yuemin Jiao1
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2347-2367, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021693
Abstract Renewable energy is connected to the grid through the inverter, which in turn reduces the inertia and stability of the power grid itself. The traditional grid-connected inverter does not have the function of voltage regulation and frequency regulation and can therefore no longer adapt to the new development. The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) has the function of voltage regulation and frequency regulation, which has more prominent advantages than traditional inverters. Based on the principle of VSG, the relationship between the frequency characteristics and the energy storage capacity of the feedforward branch-based virtual synchronous machine (FVSG) is derived when the input… More >
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