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David Graf, Philipp Neuner, Reinhard Rauch^*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2169-2192, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.022759
Abstract The number of annually registered internal-combustion vehicles still exceeds electric-driven ones in most regions, e.g., Germany. Ambitious goals are disclosed with the European Green Deal, which calls for new technical approaches and greenhouse gas neutral transition technologies. Such bridging technologies are synthetic fuels for the transportation sector, e.g., using the bioliq^® process for a CO₂-neutral gasoline supply. Fuels must meet the applicable national standards to be used in existing engines. Petrochemical parameters can be variably adapted to their requirements by hydroprocessing. In this work, we considered the upgrading of aromatic-rich DTG gasoline from the bioliq^® process. The heavy gasoline was… More >

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Yangsheng Sun¹, Zhihua Wang¹, Gaoqin Wang², Beibei Wang^3,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2193-2210, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020943
Abstract The market power mitigation method of the supply-side has become one of the key points affecting the stability of the electricity spot market. Different mitigation mechanisms are used in the current mature electricity markets of the world. However, the same market power mitigation mechanism shows different effects in different market environments. Every market operator in the world needs the most efficient way to mitigate market power. Considering that there is no relevant literature discussing the market power effects of different mitigation methods in detail, the mitigation effects need to be discussed and further researched. So, we analyze the effects of… More >

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Yuying Zhang^1,2,*, Chen Liang², Bo Sun², Qiang Chen³, Mingyang Lei³
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2211-2229, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020341
Abstract The rapid development of electric buses has brought a surge in the number of bus hubs and their charging and discharging capacities. Therefore, the location and construction scale of bus hubs will greatly affect the operation costs and benefits of an urban distribution network in the future. Through the scientific and reasonable planning of public transport hubs on the premise of meeting the needs of basic public transport services, it can reduce the negative impact of electric bus charging loads upon the power grids. Furthermore, it can use its flexible operation characteristics to provide flexible support for the distribution network.… More >

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460

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ARTICLE

Ting Chen¹, Oh Kyung Kwon^2,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2231-2242, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021289
Abstract With the limited production and use of R245fa, environmentally friendly refrigerant has attracted the attention of researchers. Due to the similar thermal characteristics, R1233zd(E) is considered to be an ideal substitute for R245fa in heat pump systems. In this study, the performance and economic analysis of heat pump systems with R245fa and R1233zd(E) as refrigerants are carried out. The results show that the total cost of R1233zd(E) system is more than 10% higher than that of R245fa system under the same heating load. With the increase of condensation temperature, the heating capacity of both systems decreases, and with the increase… More >

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543

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Yanliang Qiu^1,2, Bin Xiong^1,2, Zhe Hou^1,2,*, Lin Luo³
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2243-2254, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021322
Abstract The shrink fit retaining ring is currently the easiest to install and the most widely used end fixed for structure AC excitation variable speed generator-motor rotor end windings. However, the current research on the effect of high strength sealing on the ventilation and heat dissipation performance of the end is not enough. In this paper, based on the actual structural parameters and periodic symmetry simplification, the three-dimensional coupled calculation model of fluid field and temperature field is established. After solving the fluid and thermal equations, the influence of the length of rotor support block, the height of rotor support block,… More >

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506

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REVIEW

Aman Santoso^*, Sumari Sumari, Muhammad Roy Asrori
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2255-2276, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021596
Abstract Biodiesel research has been carried out via transesterification. However, biodiesel products (methyl esters) have not encountered new insights, because feedstocks have been explored and studied. Various optimum conditions on transesterification reaction could produce different methyl ester type with different compound. So, this review describes various oil feedstock that were to find new insights about methyl ester type. The review took the results of study that has been published with experience for 10 years. The results of the study reviewed on the transesterification method, characterization of methyl esters, and its components. The component reviewed and correlated to the literature, structure, and… More >

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Jiageng Zhang¹, Zhengfeng Wang², Jiguang Huang¹, Chao Cheng¹, Heng Zhang¹, Dan Gao^1,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2277-2296, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020795
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Energy)
Abstract

Nowadays, the zero liquid discharge of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater from coal-fired units has attracted the attention of all countries in the world. The pretreatment methods generally have the problems of high operation cost, small treatment capacity, and poor flexibility. However, the membrane method can avoid the above problems. In the current research, it has not been found that someone directly uses submerged ultrafiltration to pretreat FGD wastewater. Therefore, this paper innovatively proposed to directly use ceramic ultrafiltration membrane to treat FGD wastewater, which can ensure effluent quality and improve the flexibility of the pretreatment system. In this paper,… More >

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Yuxia Han^1,2, Jianwen Wang^1,2,*, Xin Li³, Xueqing Dong^1,2, Caifeng Wen^1,2
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2297-2317, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020858
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
Abstract The evolution laws of the large-eddy coherent structure of the wind turbine wake have been evaluated via wind tunnel experiments under uniform and turbulent inflow conditions. The spatial correlation coefficients, the turbulence integral scales and power spectrum are obtained at different tip speed ratios (TSRs) based on the time-resolved particle image velocity (TR-PIV) technique. The results indicate that the large-eddy coherent structures are more likely to dissipate with an increase in turbulence intensity and TSR. Furthermore, the spatial correlation of the longitudinal pulsation velocity is greater than its axial counterpart, resulting into a wake turbulence dominated by the longitudinal pulsation.… More >

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495

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Xin Xu^1,*, Lian Zhang^1,2,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2319-2345, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.022457
Abstract Considered as the widespread renewable energy, solar energy is used to produce the electricity and heat for carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. However, the photo-electric conversion efficiency will decrease with the increase of cells temperature. To solve this problem, a water-type hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar system has been designed and tested in Hong Kong. The outdoor experiment proceeded all days in 6 months with three different operating modes. The data of selected 33 days were used to analyze the performance of the system. The results showed that the thermal efficiencies were 33.6%, 52%, and 48.3% at zero reduced temperature, corresponding… More >

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474

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ARTICLE

Baoge Zhang¹, Shanyan Ping^1,*, Haoliang Shi², Yi Long¹, Boxiang Wu¹, Yuemin Jiao¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2347-2367, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021693
Abstract Renewable energy is connected to the grid through the inverter, which in turn reduces the inertia and stability of the power grid itself. The traditional grid-connected inverter does not have the function of voltage regulation and frequency regulation and can therefore no longer adapt to the new development. The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) has the function of voltage regulation and frequency regulation, which has more prominent advantages than traditional inverters. Based on the principle of VSG, the relationship between the frequency characteristics and the energy storage capacity of the feedforward branch-based virtual synchronous machine (FVSG) is derived when the input… More >

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457

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Samuel Bimenyimana¹, Chen Wang^1,*, Godwin Norense Osarumwense Asemota², Aphrodis Nduwamungu², Francis Mulolani⁶, Jean De Dieu Niyonteze⁸, Shilpi Bora^1,7, Chun-Ling Ho¹, Noel Hagumimana³, Theobald Habineza⁴, Waqar Bashir⁵, Yiyi Mo¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2369-2406, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019257
Abstract The world’s energy consumption and power generation demand will continue to rise. Furthermore, the bulk of the energy resources needed to satisfy the rising demand is far from the load centers. The aforementioned requires long-distance transmission systems and one way to accomplish this is to use high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. The main technical issues for HVDC transmission systems are loss of synchronism, variation of quadrature currents, amplitude, the inability of station 1 (rectifier), and station 2 (inverter) to either inject, or absorb active, or reactive power in the network in any circumstances (before a fault occurs, during… More >

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495

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Jiaming Dou¹, Hongyan Ma^1,2,3,*, Rong Guo¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2407-2429, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019654
Abstract With the exponential development of Chinese population, the massive energy consumption of buildings has recently become an interest subject. Although much research has been conducted on residential buildings, heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), little research has been conducted on the relationship between student’s behavior, campus buildings, and their subsystems. Using classical seasonal decomposition, hierarchical clustering, and apriori algorithm, this paper aims to provide an empirical model for consumption data in campus library. Smart meter data from a library in Beijing, China, is adopted in this paper. Building electricity consumption patterns are investigated on an hourly/daily/monthly basis. According to the… More >

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484

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Sihua Wang^1,2, Wenhui Zhang^1,2,*, Gaofei Zheng^1,2, Xujie Li^1,2, Yougeng Zhao^1,2
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2431-2445, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020779
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
Abstract In order to improve the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of wind turbines, a stacked noise reduction autoencoding network based on group normalization is proposed in this paper. The network is based on SCADA data of wind turbine operation, firstly, the group normalization (GN) algorithm is added to solve the problems of stack noise reduction autoencoding network training and slow convergence speed, and the RMSProp algorithm is used to update the weight and the bias of the autoenccoder, which further optimizes the problem that the loss function swings too much during the update process. Finally, in the last layer of… More >

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565

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Rasool M. Imran^1,2,*, Mohammed R. Saeed¹, Mohammed Amer Mohammed³, Osama A. Suhry³, Ihsan H. Abdulqadder⁴, Hasan Wahhab Salih⁵, Mohammed R. Almallah⁶, Firas M. F. Flaih³
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2447-2467, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021871
Abstract

Usually, rural areas can be electrified via three-phase distribution transformers with relatively large capacities. In such areas, low voltage lines are used for long distances, which cause power losses and voltage drop for different types of consumers. Reducing losses and improving voltage profiles in rural distribution networks are significant challenges for electricity distribution companies. However different solutions were proposed in the literature to overcome these challenges, most of them face difficulties when applied in the conventional distribution network. To address the above issues, an applicable solution is proposed in this paper by installing a number of small-capacity distribution transformers instead… More >

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478

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Bing Wang^1,2,*, Zhongxun Li¹, Rui Shi¹, Yuzheng Zhang¹, Yao Yao¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2469-2487, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021171
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovative Energy Systems Management under the Goals of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality)
Abstract With policy incentives for the coalbed methane in energy industry, coalbed methane from coal production has been effectively improved by technology innovations in coalbed methane extraction and utilization. The progress of coalbed methane promotes the clean construction of energy system and contributes to carbon neutrality target. To quantitatively measure the contributions of the coalbed methane in energy industry, this paper builds a carbon emissions accounting system for coalbed methane in China and assesses the historical co-benefits of coalbed methane utilization from the aspects of emissions reduction, safety and economy. By using the parameters of gas content, raw coal production, gas… More >

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Rongxin Zhang^1,*, Chengying Yang^2,3, Xuetao Li¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2489-2511, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021517
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
Abstract Buildings are the main energy consumers across the world, especially in urban communities. Building smartization, or the smartification of housing, therefore, is a major step towards energy grid smartization too. By controlling the energy consumption of lighting, heating, and cooling systems, energy consumption can be optimized. All or some part of the energy consumed in future smart buildings must be supplied by renewable energy sources (RES), which mitigates environmental impacts and reduces peak demand for electrical energy. In this paper, a new optimization algorithm is applied to solve the optimal energy consumption problem by considering the electric vehicles and demand… More >

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ARTICLE

Belayneh Yitayew^1,*, Wondwossen Bogale²
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2513-2532, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.018961
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
Abstract Energy is one of the most important factors in socio-economic development. The rapid increase in energy demand and air pollution has increased the number of ways to generate energy in the power sector. Currently, wind energy capacity in Ethiopia is estimated at 10,000 MW. Of these, however, only eight percent of its capacity has been used in recent years. One of the reasons for the low use of wind energy is the lack of accurate wind atlases in the country. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop an accurate wind atlas and review the wind resources using Wind… More >

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4

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Ruoqiong Li^1,*, Linrun Xiao¹, Jingtao Lu², Xin Li²
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2533-2548, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020803
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Modern Electric Power and Energy Systems)
Abstract In electrified railways, traction load not only fluctuates between peaks and valleys, but also has a situation of low utilization rate of average load throughout the day and short overload. The traction transformer selects the capacity with the peak load as the demand boundary, which will cause the capacity utilization rate to be low and even lead to the economic decline of the traction power supply system. This article summarizes the existing configuration methods for capacity optimization of traction transformer. Then under the conditions of energy storage and new energy access to traction power supply system, the three aspects are… More >

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466

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ARTICLE

Xiyang Li¹, Yuhao Jia², Hui Zhang^1,*, Bin Cheng¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2549-2567, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020854
Abstract Icing can significantly change the geometric parameters of wind turbine blades, which in turn, can reduce the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil. In-depth research is conducted in this study to identify the reasons for the decline of wind power equipment performance through the icing process. An accurate experimental test method is proposed in a natural environment that examines the growth and distribution of ice formation over the airfoil profile. The mathematical models of the airfoil chord length, camber, and thickness are established in order to investigate the variation of geometric airfoil parameters under different icing states. The results show that… More >

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448

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Zhao Wang¹, Su Yan¹, Mingfeng Zhu¹, Wen Zhu¹, Han Zhang², Xiang Gou^2,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2569-2584, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020644
Abstract Aiming at improving the performance of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with low-grade steam as heat source, this work studied and optimized the main operating parameters of the ORC system. The effects of evaporation temperature, superheat degree, condensation temperature and regenerator pinch temperature difference on the system performance were obtained. The optimization for the operating parameters is based on the indicators of specific net power output, waste heat pollution, cycle exergy efficiency, and total UA value (the product of overall heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer area of heat exchanger). The results show that the increase of the evaporation temperature… More >

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485

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ARTICLE

Bulbul Sharma^1,*, N. Karthick¹, Durgesh Prasad Bagarty²
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2585-2605, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021465
Abstract This multilevel inverter methodology is the center of focus among researchers in recent era. It has been focused due to its advantages over existing topologies, drawbacks and improvement of power quality, Multi-level inverter has the ability to generate nearly sinusoidal waves. This sinusoidal wave can be further improved by increasing the level of output voltage or with the help of filter design, and this manuscript presents single-phase Multi cell Multi-Level Inverter (MLI). It has been considered for reducing component count to get a higher number of output voltage levels and lower Total harmonics distortion profile. It comprises with four symmetric… More >

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638

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Zhukui Tan^1,*, Yongjie Ren¹, Hua Li¹, Weili Ren², Xichao Zhou², Ming Zeng¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2607-2619, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019550
Abstract With the proposal of carbon neutrality, how to improve the proportion of clean energy in energy consumption and reduce carbon dioxide emissions has become the important challenge for the traditional energy industry. Based on the idea of multi-energy complementarity, a typical integrated energy system consisting of electric system and gas system is constructed based on the application of power to gas (P2G) technology and gas turbine in this paper. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization model with economic improvement, carbon emission reduction and peak-load shifting as objectives is proposed, and solved by BSO algorithm. Finally, a typical power-gas coupling system is selected… More >

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Rao Fu^1,*, Liming Wang², Xuesong Huo², Pei Pei², Haitao Jiang³, Zhongxing Fu⁴
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2621-2636, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020873
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI Based Planning, Dispatching, and Operation of New Energy Systems)
Abstract The power infrastructure of the power system is massive in size and dispersed throughout the system. Therefore, how to protect the information security in the operation and maintenance of power equipment is a difficult problem. This paper proposes an improved time-stamped blockchain technology biometric fuzzy feature for electrical equipment maintenance. Compared with previous blockchain transactions, the time-stamped fuzzy biometric signature proposed in this paper overcomes the difficulty that the key is easy to be stolen by hackers and can protect the security of information during operation and maintenance. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by experiments. More >

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473

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Edwin N. Mbinkar^1,*, Derek Ajesam Asoh^1,2,3, Jerome Ndam Mungwe³, Livinus Songyuh⁴, Emmanuel Lamfu⁵
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2637-2654, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.023419
Abstract An electricity market is a trading platform provided by the actors in the electricity sector to sell and buy electricity while maintaining the stability of the transmission network and minimizing energy losses. The management of electrical energy for rational use consists of all the operations that the consumers can carry out in order to minimize their electricity bill, while the producers optimize their benefits and the transmission infrastructure. The reduction of active and reactive power consumption and the smoothing of daily and yearly load profiles are the main objectives in this work. Many developed countries already have properly functioning electricity… More >

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Zheng Wang^*, Shangke Liu, Yanli Xiao, Ye Wan, Bin Bai
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2655-2679, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021843
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
Abstract Technology advancement and the global tendency to use renewable energy in distributed generation units in the distribution network have been proposed as sources of energy supply. Despite the complexity of their protection, as well as the operation of distributed generation resources in the distribution network, factors such as improving reliability, increasing production capacity of the distribution network, stabilizing the voltage of the distribution network, reducing peak clipping losses, as well as economic and environmental considerations, have expanded the influence of distributed generation (DG) resources in the distribution network. The location of DG sources and their capacity are the key factors… More >

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740

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Zinan Zhou, Yirun Chen, Wensheng Dai^*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2681-2709, 2022, DOI: 10.32604/ee.2022.021410
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
Abstract The use of different energy carriers together, known as an energy hub, has been a hot topic of research in recent years amongst scientists and researchers. The term energy hub refers to the simultaneous operation of various infrastructures for energy generation and transfer, which has gained momentum in the form of microgrids (MGs). This paper introduces a new strategy for the optimal performance of an MG consisting of different energy carriers for each day. In a smart distribution network (DN), MGs can reduce their own costs in the previous-day market by bidding on sales and purchases. The sales and purchases… More >

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Akinyemi Ayodeji Stephen^*, Kabeya Musasa, Innocent Ewean Davidson
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2711-2744, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.023069
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integration of Large-Scale Renewable Energy in the Energy Systems)
Abstract The occurrence of distortion and over voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) of Renewable Distributed Generation (RDG) limits its penetration levels to the power system and the RDG integration is expected to play a crucial role in power system transformation. For its penetrations to be sustained without disconnection from the system, there must be a solution to the voltage rise, distortion, unbalanced current and grid reactive power control strategy at PCC. It is an IEEE-1547 requirement that RDG integration to the power system should be regulated at PCC to avoid disconnection from the network due to power quality… More >

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