 | Energy Engineering |  |
DOI: 10.32604/ee.2022.022217
EDITORIAL
Key Optimization Issues for Renewable Energy Systems under Carbon-Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Targets: Current States and Perspectives
1Faculty of Electric Power Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
2Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Illinois, USA
3Warwick Manufacturing Group, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
4The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
*Corresponding Author: Jingbo Wang. Email: JingboWang96@outlook.com
Received: 28 February 2022; Accepted: 14 April 2022
Keywords: Carbon-peaking and carbon neutrality targets; renewable energy; optimization modeling; power forecast; planning and dispatching; reliability and security analysis
The United States, Japan, Canada, the European Union, and other developed countries and regions have all formulated climate strategies and pledged to achieve net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050. China, meanwhile, has announced through the “carbon-peaking and carbon neutrality targets” in September 2020 that it aims to achieve “peak carbon use” by 2030 and “carbon neutrality” by 2060 [1]. According to statistical data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), Fig. 1 illustrates the carbon intensity of electricity generation in various regions in the Announced Pledge Scenario (APS) from 2010 to 2040 [2]. One can easily observe that each region aims to accomplish a sharp decrease in the carbon intensity of electricity generation after 2020.
Figure 1: Carbon intensity of electricity generation in various regions in APS from 2010 to 2040
Thus far, traditional fossil fuels, e.g., coal, oil, and natural gases, are still the main resources of power generation, which have witnessed a dramatic depletion. Besides depletion, greenhouse gases that cause many environmental problems are produced as well [3]. Therefore, various renewable energies (wind, photovoltaic, hydropower, biomass, geothermal, wave energy, etc.) have become the most promising candidates for energy conservation and emission reduction [4], upon which Table 1 shows the installed renewable capacity of representative regions in 2020 [5]. In general, the current energy structure and power generation models have achieved a rather dramatic transformation.
Due to the inherently strong intermittent and volatile characteristics of renewable energy, the integration of large-scale renewable energy leads to a series of tricky issues for current power systems, i.e., (a): Accurate modeling of large-scale integrated systems; (b): Precise power forecast of renewable energy; (c): Optimal planning and dispatching of distributed generation; (d): Reliability and security analysis of renewable energy systems and grid and so on [5–7]. It is difficult yet crucial to undertake some advanced techniques in the modern power system to ensure the power generation output can be well optimized and completely sufficient. Hence, the exploitation and implementation of various advanced techniques to deal with the consumption and optimization of renewable energy systems are imperative. This paper provides a comprehensive and systematic statement regarding the above problems, and proposes several promising perspectives for further study.
2 The Current States of Key Issues
The integration of large-scale renewable energy into the power grid is a necessary, effective, and prospective solution for achieving both carbon-peaking and carbon neutrality targets. Nevertheless, on account of requirements of security and stability, the feasibility of renewable energy access to the power grid is usually evaluated by various simulation tests based on system models rather than actual experiments. Thus, accurate modeling is regarded as the primary challenge, which provides the model foundation for the real-time and reliable power forecasting of renewable energy. Furthermore, real-time and reliable power forecasting gives data foundation for optimal planning and dispatching. In addition, an optimal planning and dispatching scheme offers a data foundation for reliability and security analysis of renewable energy systems and grids while it requires a comprehensive evaluation by reliability and security analysis before execution. Lastly, Fig. 2 explicitly demonstrates major challenges and their inner relationships for renewable energy under carbon-peaking and carbon neutrality targets.
Figure 2: Major challenges and their inner relationships for renewable energy under carbon-peaking and carbon neutrality targets
Accurate modeling is critical for simulation analysis, optimal control, fault diagnosis, and life prediction. For the sake of simplicity, it is generally transferred to the precise extraction problem of several crucial model parameters [8]. So far, various modeling methods for different renewable energies have been developed, which can be classified into the numerical method and artificial intelligence method (including meta-heuristic algorithm, machine learning, deep learning, etc.). The former mainly depends on mathematical equations and complex theory rather than numerous data, which is more intuitive but difficult to solve. On the contrary, the latter significantly depends on huge amounts of experimental data, which generally performs more accurately, with faster speeds, and powerful robustness. Thus, the artificial intelligence method has aroused wide attention around the world. In particular, references [9,10] thoroughly summarized and analyzed meta-heuristic algorithms-based modeling techniques for different photovoltaic (PV) modules. An extreme learning machine was used to implement rapid and precise modeling of PV modules [11] and solid oxide fuel cells [12] based on measurement data under various operation conditions. Kahraman et al. [13] developed a novel power density model of wind power plants by meta-heuristic prediction algorithm, which acquired higher accuracy and stability.
2.2 Power Forecasting of Renewable Energy
Power forecasting is one of the key measures to overcome a series of issues (e.g., power fluctuation, grid impact, system stability, etc.) caused by the large-scale renewable energy grid connection to construct a power prediction system with high prediction accuracy and relatively complete functions. In the past few decades, various prediction methods have been proposed based on different prediction models including physical, statistical, probabilistic as well as intelligent models [14]. The physical model-based method significantly relies on numerical weather predictions and usually requires complex computation procedures, which can obtain satisfactory performance in short-term predictions [15,16]. Meanwhile, other methods are uniformly determined as data-driven techniques, which require a large amount of historical data. Their validity and practicality have been excellently verified on different time scales in wind farms and PV stations [17–19]. However, the current power forecasting approaches of renewable energy are only validated and applied in some special operation conditions, which should be further tested in various complex and changeable scenarios. Thus, it is necessary to further improve the flexibility and adaptability of renewable energy power prediction modeling and the accuracy of prediction results. The power prediction technology will be developed to power prediction, probability prediction, and event prediction at multiple temporal and spatial scales.
2.3 Planning and Dispatching of Distributed Generation
The load demands and distributed generation are inversely distributed in many countries and regions, such as China. Hence, the planning and dispatching of distributed generation are considered common and complex problems [20]. Inspiringly, various planning and dispatching methods were presented in recent years, which are classified into deterministic methods (e.g., dynamic programming method [21], Lagrangian re-laxation method [22], etc.) and intelligence methods [23]. The objective function of the deterministic method is generally designed as a quadratic cost function, which is not suitable for its non-smooth and discontinuous search space caused by the inclusion of practical constraints. Therefore, their application is seriously limited. In addition, intelligence methods, especially those based upon meta-heuristic algorithms, are wildly applied due to their high efficiency and prominent optimization performance, such as simulated annealing (SA) algorithm [24], genetic algorithm (GA) [25], particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm [26], differential evolution (DE) algorithm [27], and the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm [23].
2.4 Reliability and Security Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems and Grid
The continued increase in the proportion of renewables improves the capacity and flexibility of the grid. Nevertheless, their intermittency and volatility potentially threatens the reliability and security of the grid or grids themselves [28,29]. Thus, it is crucial and significant to promote the implementation of low-carbon development by way of accurately analyzing and properly addressing the impact of renewable energy growth on reliability and security. Specifically, many researchers undertook quantitative analysis by calculating the capacity credit of renewable energies [30–32]. Besides, Flynn et al. [33] comprehensively analyzed the effects on voltage, frequency, small signal as well as transient stability when large-scale wind generations were connected to the grid.
Driven by the above key issues, three instructive perspectives are summarized as follows:
• The current modeling techniques mainly focus on the static modeling of a single object, such as PV, hydropower, biomass, geothermal, fuel cell, wind turbine generator, etc. The dynamic modeling of the integrated system needs to be further developed to comply with the development trend and requirements of the new and clean grid.
• A reasonable and effective planning and dispatching schedule must ensure the safe, stable, and clean operation of the grid, save the cost to the maximum extent and obtain the maximum economic benefits at the same time. Hence, it can be transferred to a multi-objective problem, which may be properly solved via multi-objective heuristic algorithms.
• With the rapid growth of big data statistics, data-driven-based techniques (e.g., neural network, machine learning, deep learning, digital twin, etc.) are regarded as efficient and promising solutions for the above issues.
Funding Statement: The authors received no specific funding for this study.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present article.
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