This image provides a schematic representation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and the corresponding components of which it is composed. The path the reactant gases follow can be easily illustrated, beginning from the gas channels of the anode/cathode, where hydrogen and oxygen flow to the gas diffusion layers and finally end up in the catalyst layers. The electrochemical reactions of hydrogen oxidation HOR on the anode catalyst layer and oxygen reduction ORR on the cathode catalyst layer occur. At the same time, hydrogen positive ions are flowing through the electrolyte. Considering the aforementioned operating procedure, it is concluded that catalyst layers are one of the most crucial components of a PEMFC in terms of overall efficiency and performance. For achieving high reaction rates in the catalyst layers usually, platinum is employed. However, the usage of platinum implies drawbacks such as the significantly high cost and the low durability in CO tolerance when the supplied hydrogen isn’t 100% pure. To this extent, several materials have been examined to minimize the percentage of platinum with cost efficient and durable materials without decreasing the overall performance of the PEMFC.
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Stefanos Tzelepis*, Kosmas A. Kavadias
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1745-1769, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020984
Abstract
The constant increase in energy demand and related environmental issues have made fuel cells an attractive technology as an alternative to conventional energy technologies. Like any technology, fuel cells face drawbacks that scientific society has been focused on to improve and optimize the overall technology. Thus, the cost is the main inhibitor for this technology due to the significantly high cost of the materials used in catalyst layers. The current discussion mainly focuses on the fundamental electrochemical half-cell reaction of hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that are taking place in the catalyst layers consisting of Platinum-based… More >
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ARTICLE
Felipe Mercês Biglia1, Raquel da Cunha Ribeiro da Silva2, Fátima de Moraes Lino3, Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail3, Thiago Antonini Alves4,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1771-1788, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019625
Abstract The frost growth on cold surfaces in evaporators is an undesirable phenomenon which becomes a problem for the thermal efficiency of the refrigeration systems because the ice layer acts as a thermal insulation, drastically reducing the rate of heat transfer in the system. Its accumulation implies an increase in energy demand and a decrease in the performance of various components involved in the refrigeration process, reducing its efficiency and making it necessary to periodically remove the frost, resulting in expenses for the defrost process. In the present work, a numerical-experimental analysis was performed in order to understand the formation process… More >
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EDITORIAL
Bo Yang1, Zhengxun Guo1, Jingbo Wang1,*, Chao Duan2, Yaxing Ren3, Yixuan Chen4
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1789-1795, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.022217
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Key Technologies of Renewable Energy Consumption and Optimal Operation under )
Abstract This article has no abstract. More >
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ARTICLE
Jia’an Xie1,*, Yurong Wang2, Guobin Jin3, Mucheng Wu1
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1797-1809, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020344
Abstract In order to effectively solve the dead-zone and low-precision of T-shaped transmission line fault location, a new T-shaped transmission line fault location algorithm based on phase-angle jump checking is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the 3-terminal synchronous fundamental positive sequence voltage and current phasors are extracted and substituted into the fault branch distance function to realize the selection of fault branch when the fault occurs; Secondly, use the condition of the fundamental positive sequence voltage phasor at the fault point is equal to calculate all roots (including real root and virtual roots); Finally, the phase-angle jump check function is used… More >
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ARTICLE
Jun Zhao1, Shuguo Gao1, Yunpeng Liu2,3, Quan Wang2,*, Ziqiang Xu2, Yuan Tian1, Lu Sun1
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1811-1828, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020490
Abstract Aiming at the problem of abnormal data generated by a power transformer on-line monitoring system due to the influences of transformer operation state change, external environmental interference, communication interruption, and other factors, a method of anomaly recognition and differentiation for monitoring data was proposed. Firstly, the empirical wavelet transform (EWT) and the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were used for time series modelling of monitoring data to obtain the residual sequence reflecting the anomaly monitoring data value, and then the isolation forest algorithm was used to identify the abnormal information, and the monitoring sequence was segmented according to the… More >
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ARTICLE
Yunlei Zhang1, Ruifeng Cao1, Danhuang Dong2, Sha Peng3,*, Ruoyun Du3, Xiaomin Xu3
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1829-1841, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020118
Abstract In the electricity market, fluctuations in real-time prices are unstable, and changes in short-term load are
determined by many factors. By studying the timing of charging and discharging, as well as the economic benefits
of energy storage in the process of participating in the power market, this paper takes energy storage scheduling as
merely one factor affecting short-term power load, which affects short-term load time series along with time-of-use
price, holidays, and temperature. A deep learning network is used to predict the short-term load, a convolutional
neural network (CNN) is used to extract the features, and a long short-term memory… More >
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ARTICLE
Xiangjian Shi1,*, Teng Liu2, Wei Mu2, Jianfeng Zhao1
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1843-1860, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020787
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
Abstract A microgrid (MG) refers to a set of loads, generation resources and energy storage systems acting as a controllable load or a generator to supply power and heating to a local area. The MG-generated power management is a central topic for MG design and operation. The existence of dispersed generation (DG) resources has faced MG management with new issues. Depending on the level of exchanges between an MG and the main grid, the MG operation states can be divided into independent or grid-connected ones. Energy management in MGs aims to supply power at the lowest cost for optimal load response.… More >
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ARTICLE
Thakrittorn Pansiri1, Attakorn Asanakham2,*, Thoranis Deethayat2, Tanongkiat Kiatsiriroat2
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1861-1878, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.022332
Abstract This paper proposed a new function of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) module to produce nocturnal cool water not just only generating electrical power and hot water during daytime. Experimental tests were carried out under Chiang Mai tropical climate with a 200 Wp monocrystalline PVT module having dimensions of 1.601 m × 0.828 m connected with two water tanks each of 60 L taken for hot and cool water storages. The module was facing south with 18o inclination. The electrical load was a 200 W halogen lamp. From experiments, by taking the module as a nocturnal radiative cooling surface, the cool water temperature in… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Can Li*, Xiaode Zuo
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1879-1903, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020472
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
Abstract This work suggested a novel model for obtaining optimum bidding/offering strategy to improve the benefits in case
of big users. Aiming this regard, several electrical energy resources including: micro turbines, green power sources
(wind turbine and photovoltaic system), power storage unit such as Hydrogen storage system with fuel cell, as well as
mutual treaties are taken into account in offered model. Considering various models for uncertain parameters based
on their natures such as power demand, electricity market tariffs, solar irradiation, temperature and wind speed
is one of the contributions of the proposed model. Uncertainty of power demand is modeled by… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Liyuan Xin1,2,3, Xiang Rao1,2,3,*, Xiaoyin Peng1,2,3, Yunfeng Xu1,2,3, Jiating Chen1,2,3
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1905-1922, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019556
Abstract The rapid production dynamic prediction of water-flooding reservoirs based on well location deployment has
been the basis of production optimization of water-flooding reservoirs. Considering that the construction of
geological models with traditional numerical simulation software is complicated, the computational efficiency of
the simulation calculation is often low, and the numerical simulation tools need to be repeated iteratively in the
process of model optimization, machine learning methods have been used for fast reservoir simulation. However,
traditional artificial neural network (ANN) has large degrees of freedom, slow convergence speed, and complex
network model. This paper aims to predict the production performance of… More >
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