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Sandhia Bai¹, A. K. Amirruddin¹, A. K. Pandey^2,*, M. Samykano^1,*, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad³, Kamal Sharma⁴, V. V. Tyagi⁵
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 737-759, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.016157
Abstract The global increase in energy demand has resulted in the depletion of non-renewable resources and caused environmental degradation. Consequently, emerging renewable technologies are a potential solution to fulfil energy demand and mitigate the effect of global warming. Low-cost solar energy harvesting technologies are most feasible technologies. Various solar cells technologies have been developed with improved overall performance and conversion efficiency. However, due to low cost and a wide range of applications, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been immensely focused on one of the most promising third-generation solar cells. The highest conversion efficiency of DSSC achieved after three decades of research… More >

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1851

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M. N. Tarhuni^*, W. R. Sulaiman, M. Z. Jaafar, M. Milad, A. M. Alghol
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 761-795, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.016645
Abstract Fluid flow in fractured media has been studied for decades and received considerable attention in the oil and gas industry because of the high productivity of naturally fractured reservoirs. Due to formation complexity and reservoir heterogeneity, characterizing fluid flow with an appropriate reservoir model presents a challenging task that differs relatively from homogeneous conventional reservoirs in many aspects of view, including geological, petrophysical, production, and economics. In most fractured reservoirs, fracture networks create complex pathways that affect hydrocarbon flow, well performance, hence reservoir characterization. A better and comprehensive understanding of the available reservoir modeling approaches is much needed to accurately… More >

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2164

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1893

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Yiya Wang, Hailong Yu^*, Shucheng Wu, Li Liu, Liuyang Huang, Baozhong Zhu, Yunlan Sun, Enhai Liu
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 797-823, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014467
Abstract Hot Dry Rock (HDR) is the most potential renewable geothermal energy in the future. Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) is the most effective method for the development and utilization of HDR resources, and fractures are the main flow channels and one of the most important conditions for studying heat transfer process of EGS. Therefore, the heat transfer process and the heat transfer mechanism in fractures of EGS have been the hot spots of research. Due to the particularity of the mathematical models of heat transfer, research in this field has been at an exploratory stage, and its methods are mainly experimental… More >

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1649

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1214

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Cong Qi^*, Yuxing Wang, Zi Ding, Jianglin Tu, Mengxin Zhu
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 825-852, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014806
Abstract Boiling heat transfer is a mode using the phase change of working medium to strengthen the heat exchange due to its good heat exchange capability, and it is widely used in heat exchange engineering. Nanofluids have been used in the direction of enhanced heat transfer for their superior thermophysical property. The wetting, spreading and ripple phenomena of superhydrophobic surfaces widely exist in nature and daily life. It has great application value for engineering technology. In this article, the boiling heat exchange characteristics of nanofluids on superhydrophobic surface are numerically studied. It was found that with the increase of superheating degree,… More >

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1468

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1196

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ARTICLE

Quan Min¹, Min Deng¹, Zichen Zheng^2,*, Shu Wang², Xianyong Gui³, Haichuan Zhang²
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 853-874, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014515
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Sustainable energy for transport)
Abstract Combined with the characteristics of the distributed-drive electric vehicle and direct yaw moment control, a double-layer structure direct yaw moment controller is designed. The upper additional yaw moment controller is constructed based on model predictive control. Aiming at minimizing the utilization rate of tire adhesion and constrained by the working characteristics of motor system and brake system, a quadratic programming active set was designed to optimize the distribution of additional yaw moments. The road surface adhesion coefficient has a great impact on the reliability of direct yaw moment control, for which joint observer of vehicle state parameters and road surface… More >

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1692

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1142

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REVIEW

Maatouk Khoukhi^*, Omar Al Khatib
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 875-909, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.015835
Abstract This paper reviews the principle and application of the thermally activated desiccant cooling systems with their capability to perform efficiently in hot-humid climates. The paper first introduces the continuous increase of thermal comfort required in building and their relation with the consumption of conventional energy sources. The importance of desiccant cooling technology and its applications has been introduced as well. The energy and environmental issues with the conventional energy supply and the demand with the environmental problems and conditions mainly related to indoor air quality have been also discussed in the second chapter of this paper. The third part of… More >

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1412

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Yilin Hu¹, Yan Xie², Bo Li^3,*, Yiqiang Jiang¹, Fu Bao¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 911-929, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014759
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
Abstract Wind turbine employs pitch angle control to maintain captured power at its rated value when the wind speed is higher than rated value. This work adopts a perturbation observer based sliding-mode control (POSMC) strategy to realize robust variable-pitch control of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). POSMC combines system nonlinearities, parametric uncertainties, unmodelled dynamics, and time-varying external disturbances into a perturbation, which aims to estimate the perturbation via a perturbation observer without an accurate system model. Subsequently, sliding mode control (SMC) is designed to completely compensate perturbation estimation in real-time for the sake of achieving a global consistent control performance and… More >

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1817

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1128

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Dieudonné Kaoga Kidmo^1,*, Bachirou Bogno^1,2,3, Kodji Deli¹, Michel Aillerie^2,3
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 931-945, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.015574
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
Abstract In the present work, an assessment of the rural water supply potential by mechanical wind pumping around the floodplains of Lake Chad has been considered. Inside the floodplains around Lake Chad, available surface water is largely contaminated and represents health hazards to populations. Access to underground and clean water has increasingly become rare. Moreover, clean water scarcity has led to conflict and territorial pressures, which are contributing factors to poverty in the considered area. Four localities, Baga, Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi, respectively, in Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon and Niger have been selected inside the floodplains around Lake Chad, to evaluate the… More >

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1675

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1182

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Jiangyong Bao¹, Jianjun He^1,*, Biao Chen², Kaijun Yang¹, Jun Jie², Ruifeng Wang¹, Shihao Zhang²
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 947-959, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014535
Abstract As a surface functional material, super-hydrophobic coating has great application potential in wind turbine blade anti-icing, self-cleaning and drag reduction. In this study, ZnO and SiO₂ multi-scale superhydrophobic coatings with mechanical flexibility were prepared by embedding modified ZnO and SiO₂ nanoparticles in PDMS. The prepared coating has a higher static water contact angle (CA is 153°) and a lower rolling angle (SA is 3.3°), showing excellent super-hydrophobicity. Because of its excellent superhydrophobic ability and micro-nano structure, the coating has good anti-icing ability. Under the conditions of −10°C and 60% relative humidity, the coating can delay the freezing time by 1511S,… More >

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1767

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1153

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1

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Dequn Zhou, Xinyi Gu, Hao Ding^*
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 961-979, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014101
Abstract Understanding how aging population and low fertility affect household energy consumption is important for optimizing household energy consumption and reaching effective policies. This paper studies the impacts of demographic transition on household energy consumption based on panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2016. Child-age dependency rate (CDR) and old-age dependency rate (ODR) are selected to track the shifts in age structure. They are introduced into a STIRPAT model to measure their impacts on household energy consumption. Besides, 8 representative regions are additionally chosen and investigated to find some regional characteristics. The results show that current demographic… More >

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1676

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939

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Weifeng Gong^1,2, Baoqing Zhu³, Chuanhui Wang^1,*, Zhenyue Fan¹, Mengzhen Zhao¹, Liang Chen⁴
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 981-994, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014554
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Energy Systems Management and Climate Change)
Abstract An in-depth study of the energy related carbon emissions has important practical significance for carbon emissions reduction and structural adjustment in Shandong Province and throughout China. Based on the perspective of industrial structure, the expanded KAYA equation to measure the energy related carbon emissions of the primary industries (Resources and Agriculture) and secondary industries (Manufacturing and Construction) and tertiary industries (Retail and Service) was utilized in Shandong Province from 2011 to 2017. The carbon emissions among industries in Shandong Province were empirically analyzed using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index decomposition approach. The results were follows: (1) Under the three industrial… More >

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1659

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1116

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Xinhong Xue¹, Zhongcheng Wang^2,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 995-1008, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014613
Abstract Electricity shortages present a significant constraint on manufacturers, who rely on electricity as an important input into production. In China, electricity supply has been growing rapidly. However, the rapid industrialization sometimes makes the power supply still unable to meet the demand. Using a survey of 1673 Chinese manufacturing firms, this paper explores how firms response to electricity shortages and its impact on productivity. We find that self-generation of electricity and investment in Research and Development (R&D) have significant positive relationships with electricity shortages. Further investigations reveal that self-generation is the most common way to deal with electricity shortages. However, it… More >

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1600

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1053

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Wenhui Zhao¹, Yibo Yin^1,*, Lu Mao², Konglu Zhong³, Guanghui Yuan⁴, Hai Huang⁵, Yige Yang⁶
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1009-1026, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014650
Abstract Changes in the energy price system will determine the direction of evolution of the energy industry structure. As a country where coal is the dominant energy source, what is the effect of coal price fluctuations on China’s industry development costs and energy consumption structure? To investigate this problem, this paper utilized an economy–energy–environment computable general equilibrium model. In this study, four aspects were analyzed: Energy supply side, proportion of renewable energy consumption, macroeconomy, and changes in CO₂ emissions. The results of this study show that an increase of 10%–20% in coal prices contributes to a shift into using renewable energy,… More >

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1455

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1114

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Huiwen Xu^*, Zhen Wang
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1027-1043, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.015028
Abstract In recent years, China has developed rapidly in terms of natural gas. Driven by regional economic integration, a regional natural gas market composed of neighboring provinces and cities has taken shape gradually, and it tends to grow toward the same direction in policy formulation, resource coordination, facility construction and market expansion. Based on the factors such as geographical location, economic conditions and natural gas consumption, this thesis tends to conduct a horizontal comparative analysis on the economic development conditions, natural gas consumption characteristics and natural gas pipeline network density of the three regions with obvious regional integration feature in China.… More >

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1026

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Ruma Arora Soni^1,*, K. Sudhakar^1,3,4,*, R. S. Rana²
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1045-1056, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.016082
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Energy)
Abstract Spirulina is a sort of algae that grows in both fresh and seawater. It is considered the Earth’s most nutritionally dense food. Certain claims about Spirulina’s beneficial health properties are attributed to the relatively high protein content of the cells. Spirulina’s lipid, fatty acid profile, and biochemical composition have received little attention. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature and decomposition of spirulina biomass at various temperatures. In the present investigation, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis were used to study spirulina biomass biochemical characteristics. The optimal content of spirulina protein, lipid, and the… More >

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2027

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1609

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Vin Cent Tai^1,*, Yong Chai Tan¹, Nor Faiza Abd Rahman¹, Yaw Yoong Sia², Chan Chin Wang², Lip Huat Saw³
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1057-1068, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014866
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: The Role of Artificial Intelligence for Modeling and Optimizing the Energy Systems )
Abstract Aircraft engine design is a complicated process, as it involves huge number of components. The design process begins with parametric cycle analysis. It is crucial to determine the optimum values of the cycle parameters that would give a robust design in the early phase of engine development, to shorten the design cycle for cost saving and man-hour reduction. To obtain a robust solution, optimisation program is often being executed more than once, especially in Reliability Based Design Optimisations (RBDO) with Monte-Carlo Simulation (MCS) scheme for complex systems which require thousands to millions of optimisation loops to be executed. This paper… More >

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1037

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Ruichao Zhang^1,*, Liqiang Wang¹, Dechun Chen²
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1069-1082, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014961
Abstract In recent years, deep learning models represented by convolutional neural networks have shown incomparable advantages in image recognition and have been widely used in various fields. In the diagnosis of sucker-rod pump working conditions, due to the lack of a large-scale dynamometer card data set, the advantages of a deep convolutional neural network are not well reflected, and its application is limited. Therefore, this paper proposes an intelligent diagnosis method of the working conditions in sucker-rod pump wells based on transfer learning, which is used to solve the problem of too few samples in a dynamometer card data set. Based… More >

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914

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Jin Zhang¹, Youliang Tang¹, Feng Yu^2,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1083-1094, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014482
Abstract In this paper, position sensorless control system of permanent magnet synchronous linear motor (PMSLM) based on sliding mode observer (SMO) with an improved phase-locked loop (PLL) is studied. Firstly, according to the mathematical model, a SMO is designed for sensorless control PMSLM drive. Thereafter, an improved PLL is proposed to tackle the imperfection of data overflow existed in the traditional PLL. The designed SMO incorporating with the improved PLL can be effectively suppress the pulsation of the estimated position and hence the chattering of the derived electrical angular velocity. At last, simulated and experimental results are presented to verify the… More >

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1029

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Yinhe Bu¹, Xingping Zhang^1,2,3,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1095-1109, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.015893
Abstract With the explosive growth of variable renewable energy, the balance between the supply and demand of the power grid is faced with new challenges. Based on the development experience from typical countries and the state quo in China, this paper further analyzes the system architecture and development trend of demand response under the background of Energy Internet. Five dimensions are considered: Energy Internet platform, demand response application scenarios, system architecture, information technology system construction, and demand response development trend. The results show that the application of the Energy Internet platform can effectively solve the problems of data acquisition and processing,… More >

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1130

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Sakarias Paaso^*, Ali Khosravi
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1111-1133, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014949
Abstract Potential revenue from wind power generation is an important factor to be considered when planning a wind power investment. In the future, that may become even more important because it is known that wind power generation tends to push electricity wholesale prices lower. Consequently, it is possible that if a region has plenty of installed wind power capacity, revenue per generated unit of electricity is lower there than could be assumed by looking at the mean electricity wholesale price. In this paper, we compare 17 different locations in Finland in terms of revenue from wind power generation. That is done… More >

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1554

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951

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Feiyang Li, Jianfeng Pan^*, Chenxin Zhang, Evans K. Quaye, Xia Shao
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1135-1154, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014366
Abstract In order to obtain the combustion characteristics of the CH₄/Air premixed flame under the action of the wall interaction, a study on the impact of the jet flame on the wall at different separation distances was carried out. The separation distance from the burner outlet to the lower surface of the wall is changed and the flame structure is obtained through experiments. The temperature, velocity and reaction rate are obtained through numerical simulation, and the law of flame characteristics change is obtained through analysis. The results show that as the separation distance increases, the premixing cone inside the flame gradually… More >

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1379

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895

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Lei Zhang^*, Dejian Yang, Lei Ren, Yun Cheng, Qiufeng Yan, Yinlong Yuan
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1155-1170, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014549
Abstract As a wide bandgap power electronics device, the SiC MOSFET has a lot of advantages over the traditional Si IGBT. Replacing the Si IGBT with the SiC MOSFET in the existing power electronics converter is an effective means to improve the performance and promote the upgrading of the traditional converter. Generally, in order to make full use of its advantages of the SiC MOSFET, the Si IGBT in the traditional power electronics circuit cannot be simply replaced by the SiC MOSFET, but the main circuit and the driver circuit need to be redesigned because the oscillation problem and the cross-talk… More >

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1410

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Xiaojuan Lu, Zeping Liang^*
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1171-1183, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014724
Abstract There are two prominent features in the process of temperature control in solar collector field. Firstly, the dynamic model of solar collector field is nonlinear and complex, which needs to be simplified. Secondly, there are a lot of random and uncontrollable, measurable and unmeasurable disturbances in solar collector field. This paper uses Taylor formula and difference approximation method to design a dynamic matrix predictive control (DMC) by linearizing and discretizing the dynamic model of the solar collector field. In addition, the purpose of controlling the stability of the outlet solar field salt temperature is achieved by adjusting the mass flow… More >

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1014

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Nan Li¹, Ruiyang Xu¹, Caihong Zhang^1,*, Guoping Wu²
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1185-1195, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014741
Abstract An improved radiation transmission and thermal efficiency model for solar ponds has been proposed based on both the Hull Model and Wang/Seyed-Yagoobi Model in this paper. The new model is more accurate to actual measured conditions because multiple reflections and turbidity effects are included. Absorption penetration, thermal conductivity loss and thermal efficiency under different Non-Convective Zone thicknesses are numerically analyzed and thoroughly discussed. The results show that ΔT/I0 plays a critical role for the thermal efficiency of solar pond. Furthermore, it is found through calculation that there is an optimum thickness of the Non-Convective Zone. When the Non-Convective Zone thickness… More >

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952

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Duojin Fan¹, Chengji Shi², Kai Sun², Xiaojuan Lu^2,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1197-1221, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.014532
Abstract This paper proposed a new type of combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) system, including the parabolic trough solar thermal (PTST) power generation and gas turbine power generation. The thermal energy storage subsystem in the PTST unit provides both thermal energy and electrical energy. Based on the life cycle method, the configuration optimization under eight operation strategies is studied with the economy, energy, and environment indicators. The eight operation strategies include FEL, FEL-EC, FEL-TES, FEL-TES&EC, FTL, FTL-EC, FTL-TES, and FTL-TES&EC. The feasibility of each strategy is verified by taking a residential building cluster as an example. The indicators under the… More >

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1369

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885

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José María Esbrí^*, Alba Martinez-Coronado, Sofía Rivera Jurado, Eva García-Noguero, Pablo Higueras
Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.4, pp. 1223-1235, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.015781
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Advancement of Understanding of PM_2.5 and Hg Emissions and Their Control Technologies for Cleaner Combustion)
Abstract Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that is subject to strict regulations to reduce anthropogenic emissions. The production of energy represents an important activity that leads to Hg emissions into the atmosphere. Of all the systems used, IGCC plants are the most promising for reducing Hg emissions, since it is possible to remove Hg from syngas prior to combustion. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the presence of Hg in the main streams of an experimental IGCC plant (ELCOGAS, Puertollano) in order to quantify Hg emissions and investigate the possibility of reducing them. The main streams of… More >

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894